The Global Positioning System

A Worldwide Information Utility February 2001

Overview

• Policy • Applications & Markets • Augmentations • Sustainment & Modernization • International Cooperation

Policy

GPS is a Dual-Use System

• Cold War spinoff – Developed in 1970s-1980s to support Allied forces – Prominent in Gulf War, Kosovo – After KAL-007, civilians gained free access to

Standard Positioning Service

• Commercial use now dwarfs military use • GPS policy is managed at a national level by

the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)

Interagency GPS Executive Board

Defense Commerce Interior Transportation State Agriculture Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA Justice

United States GPS Policy

• Presidential Decision Directive signed in

1996, endorsed by Congress in 1998

• GPS Standard Positioning Service to remain

free of direct user fees

• U.S. to promote acceptance and use of GPS as

a world standard

• Selective Availability -- ended May 2000 • IGEB to manage GPS as a national asset

United States GPS Policy, cont’d.

• Encourage private sector investment in/use of

GPS technologies and services

• Promote safety and efficiency in

transportation and other fields

• Promote international cooperation in using

GPS for peaceful purposes

• Advance scientific and technical capabilities • Strengthen and maintain national security

Applications & Markets

Worldwide Sales of GPS Goods & Services Will Reach $16B by 2003

Worldwide GPS Revenues By Market Segment

Car Navigation

• On-board navigation • Fleet management • Roadside assistance • Stolen vehicle recovery • Enhanced services • Mass market dominated

by Japan

• Dataquest: Unit sales of

chips for car navigation to reach 11.3M in 2001

• $4.7B sales by 2003

Consumer/Recreational

• Portable receivers for

fishermen, hunters, hikers, cyclists, etc.

• Recreational facilities --

golf courses, ski resorts

• Integration of GPS into

cellular phones

– E-911 requirement • $3.8B market by 2003

Surveying/Mapping/GIS

• Sub-centimeter accuracy • 100%-300% savings in

time, cost, & labor

– Control survey point:

$10,000 in 1986; $250 in 1997

• Rural electrification • Telecom tower placement • Pipelines • Oil, gas, and mineral

exploration

• Flood plain mapping • $3.12B market by 2003

Tracking/Machine Control

• Package/cargo delivery • Fleet and asset

management

• Theft recovery • Public safety and

services

• Farming, mining, and

construction equipment

• DGPS/RTK required for

many applications

• $3B market by 2003

Public Services

• City planning • Transportation infrastructure – Road Billing Network (ROBIN) – Snowplows • Emergency response – Law enforcement – Fire fighting – Search and rescue – Paramedics – Disaster relief

Aviation

• GPS approved for

en-route navigation

• More efficient flight

routing leads to fuel savings

• Better tracking of

aircraft enhances safety

• Closer spacing of planes

increases airspace capacity

• $710M market by 2003

Maritime Navigation

• GPS-based vessel tracking and

traffic management maximizes effectiveness of waterways

• Improved safety increases

maritime commerce

• Maritime DGPS service for

enhanced accuracy and safety available in 34 countries

• $210M market by 2003

Original Equipment Manufacturers

• Chipsets • Electronic boards • Antennas, components • Standalone receivers • $690M market by 2003

Military

•

GPS is a recognized NATO standard

• GPS is required on all

U.S. military systems

• Precision munitions

widely used during Gulf War, Kosovo

Timing

• GPS offers an inexpensive

alternative to costly, high maintenance timing equipment

• Telecommunications network

synchronization & management

– Phones, pagers, wireless systems – LANs, WANs, Internet • Financial transactions • Electrical power grid management

& fault location

• Digital signatures for e-commerce • Some estimate the timing market

at $40-100M

Scientific Research

• Monitoring geological

change

– Glaciers, tectonic plates,

earthquakes, volcanoes

• Wildlife behavior • Atmospheric modeling – Water vapor content • Oceanic studies – Tidal patterns – Surface mapping • Time transfer

Environmental Management

• Forestry • Wetlands management • Natural resource

management

• Fisheries boundary

enforcement

• Endangered species and

habitat preservation

• Hazardous material

cleanup

– Oil spills, toxic waste

Emerging GPS Applications

• Entrepreneurs and scientific researchers

invent new applications almost every day

• Higher precision is necessary for many

cutting-edge applications

– Differential GPS (DGPS) – Relative DGPS – Carrier phase positioning – Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) – Post-processing

Precision Agriculture

• Maximize use of resources – Optimized plowing of crop rows – Tailored applications of seeds,

fertilizer, water, pesticides

– Improved management of land,

machinery, personnel, time

– Greater crop yields – Net benefit: $5-14 per acre • Minimize environmental impacts – Localized identification and treatment

of distressed crops reduces chemical use

– Precise leveling of fields prevents fluid

runoff

Open Pit Mining

• Enhanced management

of assets, equipment

• Progress tracked in

real-time, remotely

• Improved machine

control saves time, lowers maintenance and fuel consumption, prevents accidents

• Rapid surveying for

drilling blast holes

• Smaller, more

empowered workforce

Space Applications

• Improved orbit and attitude

control for spacecraft, International Space Station

• Space Station return vehicle • Advance Land Observing

Satellite uses GPS to calibrate high resolution radar maps

• Satellite formation flying • Space launch range safety

Construction

• Machinery, asset, and

personnel management

• Rapid surveys for laying

foundation piles, etc.

• Accident prevention • Remote control of

machinery possible

– Japanese volcano dam GPS/RTK technology was used in the construction of the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden

Europe is a Major Player in the GPS Market

• Rapid growth projected, especially in car

navigation sector

• Many European firms already provide GPS

goods and services

– Scandanavian GNSS Industry Council • European governments are

investing in GPS augmentation and reference systems

– Maritime DGPS – EGNOS – EUREF Permanent Network QuickTime™ and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture.

The Market is Wide Open

• Civil signals are freely available, right now • Openly published GPS specifications allow

anyone to build receivers (no licensing fees)

• Hardware is becoming a commodity • Huge potential exists in value-added services – Software development – Embedded applications – Localized GIS databases – Internet integration – Wireless markets

Unit Cost of Receivers Is Falling At ~30% Per Year

$800 $600 $400 $200 0 1991 1993 Source: U.S. GPS Industry Council 1995 1997 1999

Projected Relative Market Share

U.S.

32% 1998 Japan 47% 2003 Europe 18% Other 1% Asia 2% U.S.

30% Japan 44% Europe 23% Other 1% Asia 2%

Augmentations

Sustainment & Modernization

Constellation Status

• 28 operational satellites – 6 Block IIR satellites on orbit – 23 Block II/IIA operational satellites; • Last launch: January 30, 2001 • Next tentative launch date: August 2001 • Continuously assessing constellation health to

determine launch need

12.00

10.00

Constellation Age by Satellite

Operational Satellite Non-Operational Predicted Mean Mission Duration Block II: 8.90 years Block IIA: 10.68 years Block IIR: 10 years (est.) 8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00

SVN 14 13 16 19 17 18 20 21 15 23 24 25 28 26 27 32 29 22 31 37 39 35 34 36 33 40 30 38 43 46 51 44 41 II IIA IIR

GPS Modernization Program

• Need for upgrades recognized as GPS entered Full

Operational Capability

– Anti-jam military needs – Better, more reliable civilian service – Recognized growing importance of GPS to both sectors • 1996 Presidential policy and 1998/1999 Vice

Presidential announcements committed U.S. to modernization and improvement path

– New signals, better service ( no direct user fees) – Selective Availability (SA) discontinued – Over $1 billion added to future U.S. GPS investment

The End of Selective Availability May 2, 2000

-20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160 -180 -200 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 Colorado Springs, Colorado 1 Horizontal Error (meters) Vertical Error (meters) 2 3 2 May 2000

SPS CEP AFTER TRANSITION: 2.8 meters SPS SEP AFTER TRANSITION: 4.6 meters

ANALYSIS NOTES

- Data taken from Overlook PAN Monitor Station, equipped with Trimble SVeeSix Receiver - Single Frequency Civil Receiver - Four Satellite Position Solution at Surveyed Benchmark - Data presented is raw, no smoothing or editing 4 5 6

Time of Day (Hours UTC)

7 8 9 10

Modernized Signal Evolution

Present Signal (Block II/IIA/IIR)

P(Y) P(Y) C/A

2 nd Civil; M-Code Block IIR-M (IOC: 2008; FOC: 2010)

P(Y) M C/A P(Y) M C/A

3 rd Civil Block IIF (IOC: 2012; FOC 2014)

M P(Y) C/A M P(Y) C/A 1176 MHz (L5) 1227 MHz (L2) 1575 MHz (L1)

L1 Enhancements

• New M

E code

Block IIR-Modified

L1 L2 L2 Enhancements

• New M

R/C) E code

• New civilian

signal (selectable between C/A &

– Modernizing towards

the next generation of GPS

– Modifying Block IIR

satellites

– Tailored constellation

sustainment program Modifications Status

– Power system characterized – New high power amplifier

brass-boarded

– Initial backward compatibility

tests completed

– New L-band panel designed – Software flexible M-code

spectrum and signal power levels

Block IIR Schedule

FY00 USAF USAF USAF USAF 01 USAF USAF 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Dev ATP Aug 00 PDR CDR Basic IIR Launches (JPO Projected Profile) IOC M earth SV 10-21 Modification USAF 1st IIR SV Retrofit/Delivery/Launch USAF 09 USAF USAF USAF USAF USAF USAF 10 FOC M earth 11 USAF USAF OCS Legacy Update Development Transition USAF 1st IIF Lite Delivery/Launch USAF 12th SV Retrofit/Delivery/Launch Legacy Ops 12 13

L1 Enhancements

• M

E code added

• Modify six satellites already

on contract to include

– M-code on L1 and L2 – L5 signal • Procure additional Block IIF

satellites necessary to constellation

– Six plus options • Ensure compatible M-Code

signal implementation

• Define Control Segment

changes for implementation under SPI effort

Block IIF

L1 L5 L2 L2 Enhancements

• M

E code added

• New civilian signal

(selectable between C/A & R/C) New L5 Signal

• New robust Civilian

Nav Signal Program Status

– Recognized need to push up

schedule for operational need date - Sep 05

– Compressing development

Program schedule

– Revising long-lead and

production program phasing

Block IIF Schedule

FY00 01 02 03 04 05 06 ATP (Aug 00) IIF Development OCS Version 5 Development DAE Review 4/01 IIF V5 SW Delivery Transition OCS Version 6 Development Ops V6 SW Delivery Transition SV 1-6 Modification IAT SV Deliveries

3 4 5 6 2 1

USAF USAF SV Launches 07 08 IOC M earth Ops 09 10 FOC M earth Last IIR Mod Vehicle JPO Projected Launch Profiles 11 LL LL SV 7 - 9 Prod SV 10 - 12 Prod IAT

7 8 9

IAT

10 11 12

12 IOC L5 2012 13 14 FOC L5 2014

Operational Control Segment

Ground Antenna Monitor Station Master Control Station (Schriever AFB) Incremental software versions and hardware upgrades to support modernization requirements

• Control M-Code • Transition from mainframe system to distributed system architecture • Support improved system security architecture; Accuracy Improvement

Initiatives (add NIMA monitoring stations; improve Kalman filter); initial Block IIF functionality

• Full Block IIF functionality; support L5

GPS III Program

• Procure cost-effective GPS system to meet next

generation military and civilian positioning, navigation, and timing needs Space Segment Control Segment User Equipment

The GPS III Opportunity

• Assess system-wide architectural alternatives to: – Achieve current and long term GPS performance goals – Reduce long term total ownership costs – Capitalize on emerging technologies – Provide flexibility and robustness to meet evolving

requirements

– Discover military and economic value of pushing to higher

performance capabilities

• Scope – Military and Civil – Possible augmentation opportunities

Ensure best GPS system for the next 30 years

GPS III Concept Exploration Phase

• 12-month study between government and industry – Two contractors (Lockheed Martin, Boeing) – Firm Fixed Price contracts – $16M per contractor – Awarded 8 Nov 00 – Spectrum Astro (participating on company funds) • Near term goals – Build technical requirements set – Illustrate requirements through architectural solutions – Complete Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and cost benefit assessment

GPS III Study Phase Products

• • • • • • • • •

Technical Requirements for Development Milestones Architectures that support Technical Requirements Life Cycle Cost estimates for each Architecture Risk Analysis Draft System Effectiveness and Performance Metrics Initial Test and Evaluation Master Plan (TEMP) Acquisition Strategy Entry/Exit criteria for Development Milestones Technology Roadmap

GPS III Architecture Study Status

• Successful initial meetings (Nov 00) and Laboratory Days (Jan 01) • Near real-time communication in place (web-based) • Lockheed Martin – Three teams (System Engineering, Architecture, Life Cycle

Cost)

– Solid initial architectural assessments • Boeing – Five teams (System Concept, User, Ground, Space, Secondary

Payloads, Operations and Support)

– Focusing on mission and requirements analysis • Spectrum Astro – Signed Memorandum of Agreement (Dec 00) – Program plan, schedule, and team structure near complete – Providing innovative inputs to GPS III, working to improve

position for follow-on phases

GPS III Acquisition Strategy

FY00 Original ATP (Apr 00) RFP/ SS ATP (Aug 00) 01 Competitive Trade Studies (Two contractors) SARD CARD Inputs 02 Contract Award RFP/ SS SRR PD/RR (Two contractors) ASR PD/RR Program Review (MS I/II) 03

GPS III Acquisition Strategy, Cont’d

04 PDR PD/RR (con’t) Down Select (MSII) 05 CDR EMD (Single contractor) 06 Qual Vehicle Testing Complete 07 Box/System Qual Tests Integ/Assy/Test LLP (MS IIIa)

International Cooperation

International Cooperation

• Promote acceptance and peaceful use of GPS

and its augmentations

– International offering of GPS to ICAO and IMO • Service free of direct user charges • Non-proprietary signal standards for civil services – GPS Augmentations -- Worldwide interoperability • Space-based systems (WAAS, MSAS, EGNOS) for aviation • Land-based DGPS technology for maritime and terrestrial

uses: already adopted by 35 countries

• Global, non-proprietary standards

Principles for Cooperation

• No direct user fees for civil and public safety services • Ensure open market driven competition for user

equipment and applications

• Open signal structure for all civil services to promote

equal access for applications development and value added services

• Protection of the current radionavigation spectrum

from disruption and interference

• Use of GPS time, geodesy, and signal structure

standards

• Seamless, global interoperability of future systems

with GPS

• Recognition of national and international security

issues and protecting against misuse

U.S. - Japan Cooperation

• September 1998: Joint Statement signed • GPS based augmentations • Largest commercial market share for

products and services

• September 1999: Working Groups met in

Washington, D.C.

– Policy – Transportation – Commercial & Scientific • February 2001: Plenary Meeting, Tokyo

U.S. - Russia Consultation

• May 19 in Washington, D.C. • Excellent dialogue – Many common views – Principles of Cooperation • Next meeting in Moscow

U.S. - E.U. Consultations

• Use of GPS and its augmentations for commercial

products and services incorporating open signal structure

• 1998: U.S. presented draft Framework Agreement

based on GPS and its augmentations

– Consider inclusion of: International Advisory Commission,

Intent of Guarantee, Statement of Free Service

• 2000: Cooperation concept – Stage 1: Framework Cooperative Agreement based on

Principles of Cooperation

– Stage 2: Working groups – Stage 3: Follow-on agreement to cover Galileo operations

phase

U.S. - E.U. Draft Agreement

• Presented to the Commission on October 5 • Embodies GPS Policy & Principles of Cooperation – Government provided satellite signals free of user fees – Interoperability with GPS – Open signals for critical infrastructure and safety-of-life

services

– Open specifications and markets for civil equipment and

services

– Users choose which system or combination best meet their

needs

• Recognizes efforts of other fora: ICAO, IMO, ITU • Accounts for different levels of system maturity • Lays foundation for future cooperation • Next round of talks scheduled for March 20-21, 2001

U.S. Questions About Galileo

• To be understood: – Revenue stream generation – Future regulatory actions – Required use (mandate through standards) – Interoperability of free open system with fee-based

encrypted system

• Safety of life applications – Prevention of misuse – Open specifications and standards for equal

worldwide market access

– Spectrum use – Security service

Summary

• GPS is a key component of the global information

infrastructure

• U.S. is committed to providing GPS service free of

direct user fees to users worldwide

• Adherence to U.S. principles has led to GPS

standardization and market growth

• GPS modernization is under way • U.S. is continuing international outreach to further

understanding of GPS, its augmentations, and its applications

• U.S. is fostering international dialogue to be

responsive to global user needs