Nationalism comes to Italy, 1815-1861

Il Risorgimento! The Resurgence!

The Italian Peninsula

   Pre 1850 – NO “Italy” – (Metternich called it a “geographic expression”) Independent kingdoms: – Austria: Lombardy, Venetia – Italian: Sardinia, Piedmont (King Charles Albert) – Tuscany: Central States – Papal States – Spanish Bourbons: Kingdom of 2 Sicilies Piedmont and Sardinia - most progressive kingdom – Ruled by the Kings of the House of Savoy

Early attempts at unification: 1815-1848

  1) Carbonari: first vs. Napoleon – then Austria – “charcoal burners” – Want Italian Unity 2) Mazzini: 1805-1872 – Established Young Italy in 1831 – Goals: • Eliminate Austria from Italian politics • Overthrow Italian tyrants • Universal suffrage – will of the people • Unite Italy – centralized democratic republic

Early attempts at unification: 1815-1848

 3) Gioberti: Catholic priest – Federation of existing states – Presidency by progressive pope, however – Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) – liberal but vs. unification • Driven from Rome 1848-April 1850 by Garibaldi and his Red Shirts • Syllabus of Errors 1864 vs. rationalism, socialism, modernism  4) Autocracy of Sardinia-Piedmont – King Charles Albert (1831-1849) – King Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1861)

Attempts at unifying: 1848-1861

 1848 – Rioting in Sicily, Lombardy, Venice…  – March: Piedmont-Sardinia - Charles Albert, (1831 1849) • granted subjects a liberal constitution – Bourbon ruler of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, forced to grant a liberal constitution 1848: – May: Two Sicilies’ revolt suppressed – July: Austrians restored control in Lombardy & Venetia  1849: – In February, Mazzini and Garibaldi proclaim: Roman Republic in the Papal States!

– French take Rome in April of 1850 – Pope returns – Austrians defeat Piedmont forces

Camillo di Cavour

    1810-1861, Piedmont nobility Finance minister of Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel II till 1852 1852 – Prime Minister of Piedmont Realist – Liberal who pushed liberal reform – Pro industry, expansion – Reformed Piedmont currency – Balanced state budget – Promoted economic development – Financed large army – Anti Church • Siccardi Laws 1851 - suppressed privileges of clergy & Church (civil law over canon law) • Ratazzi Bill 1855 – suppression of monasteries – Opposed to “romantic” nationalism of Mazzini

Camillo di Cavour

  First – pro northern unity – didn’t want papal states BUT realized can’t win vs. Austria without help – turns to France!

– Napoleon III willing in 1858 • So Piedmont provokes war vs. Austria – but July 1859 Napoleon III signs Peace of Villafranca with Austria – No unification YET • Lombardy unified with Piedmont; Parma, Modena, Tuscany & northern part of Papal states vote to join PIedmont BUT Venetia still Austrian! • Cavour resigns!!! – enraged!!!! – but returns, of course

Giuseppi Garibaldi: ending

Risorgimento

 1807-1882 aka “The Sword”   Goals – Eliminate Austria from Italian politics – Overthrow Italian tyrants – Unite Italy as democratic republic May 1860 “Red Shirt” guerillas – to “liberate” 2 Sicilies – Encouraged by Victor Emmanuel II (BUT Cavour distrusts him) – Wins by Sept and heads to Rome to attack – Cavour 1 step ahead – occupies papal states to prevent chaos – Plebiscite – unites North and South – Garibaldi & VE II

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

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Viva Italia!

1861 –Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy (Cavour dies!!) – All states except Venetia (Austria), Rome (Pope) 1866 – Venetia won due to Prussian victory over Austria (Austro-Prussian War) 1870 – Rome taken as French troops pull out! (due to Franco-Prussian War) Under King Victor Emmanuel II – Parliamentary Monarchy w/ limited male suffrage (600,000 of 2 million can vote) – Mazzini disappointed with results of unification Sig: Unity (on paper!!!) BUT revolutionary movements continue – socialist / anarchist