Norton Media Library

Chapter 1

7 America: A Narrative History

th

edition

by George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shi

Possible origins of the first Americans

A. Siberian —20,000 years ago Siberian hunters became first American inhabitants -first immigration came between 50,000 and 8,000BC from Eastern Siberia to the Southern tip of South America-they were physically kin to modern Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.

The brown-skinned, thin-lipped, high-cheeked, broad-faced, straight black-haired ancestors of Naïve American developed some remarkable civilizations.

B. Southwestern Europe-recent findings in Virginia suggest much earlier appearance of ancient humans

An ornate Mayan mask made of jade

Image Source: Wikipedia Commons

A.At the times of Columbus's arrival in the New World, how did the Indians of Central America and Mexico differ from those farther north?

(A) less numerous (B) more nomadic (C) more warlike (D) more highly civilized (E) some were dependent on roaming herds of buffalo

II. Indian culture before Columbus

A. Earliest cultures

1. Hunters and gatherers 2. Villagers 3. Farmers —a culture developed of farming, fishing, pottery by 5000BC 4. Developed plant food such as maize, beans, pumpkins, and avocados

Mayan Pyramid

B . Mayan, Aztec, and Incan cultures -between 2000 and 1500 BC permanent farming town appeared in Mexico-there was evidence of warfare, religion, art and science --gradually Mesoamerica developed great cities with pyramids, temples and palaces -Mayans developed a sophisticated calendar writing system and books -however in 900AD the Mayan culture collapsed from over use of the land and overpopulation -overtaken by the Toltecs who left around 1200AD

A.Aztecs arrived about 1325 and expanded their control over central Mexico The Spanish invaded the Aztec Empire in 1519 which was ruled by Montezuma II- He ruled about 5 to 20 million people.

-Aztecs were a powerful military force-subjugated nearby people-treated conquered areas as colonies _Aztecs were a violent society as seen through their religious rites.

-Priests could please the gods through human sacrifice-this was carried out by capturing prisoners of war

Aztec pyramid of the Sun

A.One of the factors that proved critical to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs was (A) the overwhelming number of Spanish soldiers (B) the total lack of organization of the Aztec political and military system (C) the support of Portuguese soldiers (D) the pacifist nature of the Aztecs (E) a smallpox epidemic spread by contact with the Spanish soldier

A.Smallpox devastated the native populations of the New World. The Aztec population, estimated at 30 million when the Spanish arrived in Mexico, was down to 3 million by 1568 and 1.6 million in 1620. Despite having an army of perhaps only 600 Spaniards, Hernan Cortes was able to eventually defeat the Aztec forces and claim Mexico City for Spain in 1521.

Spaniard Cortes being greeted by Aztec emperor Montezuma

INCAS A.Incas achieved the height of their empire in what is now Peru about 1500 AD B.Monarch had absolute power —had a complex system of taxation-one major weakness was no fixed procedure for succession Machu Picchu, the Inca citadel

A. Which of the following is not true of the Incan civilization?

A) Francisco Pizarro and 180 men captured and killed Incan king Atahualpa who commanded an army of 80,000 soldiers B) the main crop of the Incas was potatoes which were grown on terraces in the mountainous terrain of the Andes C) the Incas used a knotted rope system, known as quipu, to record information D) originating in the Andes Mountains, the Incan empire spread throughout South and Central America by the arrival of the Spanish in the 1520s E) the Incas comprised the largest empire in pre Columbian America

Cultural Regions of North America Northwest Coast: Chinooks Makahs Southwest: Navajos Great Plains Mandans Kiowas Eastern Woodland Iroquois Cherokees

Cultural Regions

C. Major Indian cultures in the area of the United States after about 1,000 B.C.

Indian life in North America was not as culturally advanced 1. Adena-Hopewell peoples of the Ohio Valley (800 B.C.

–A.D. 600)-were mound builders who used some tools and wove fabrics 2. Mississippian cultures of the Mississippi River Valley (A.D. 600 –1500)-resembled Mayan and Aztec societies because of agriculture-they had an effective government and trading network worshipped the sun-had human torture and sacrifice --peaked in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and finally succumbed to disease brought from Europe

Cahokia: the walkways are modern, the manmade hills are not

3. Pueblo-Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the Southwest

Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, noted for their distinctive pottery and dwelling construction styles. The cultural group is often referred to as the Anasazi A. The Pueblo-Anasazis lived in baked-mud adobe structures B. Engaged in warfare as a self defense C. Toward the end of the thirteenth century, drought and new arrivals began to restrict their territory

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park

A. The Apache and the Navajo came from the Far North to settle the Plains and Southwest around A.D. 850.

The Navajo share the Athabscan language with the Apache. B. The Apache lived near Pueblo tribes, which they raided for food, and livestock. They dressed in animal skins, used dogs as pack animals, and pitched tentlike dwellings made of brush or hide, called wikiups. C. The Navajo copied corn- and bean-growing practices from the Anasazi and raised sheep while some kept the nomadic lifestyle of their ancestors and the Apache and pursued the buffalo and other animals.

Navajo and Apache

The Great Plains A. This culture group of Indians is well-known for the importance of the buffalo, their religious ceremonies, and the use of the tepee. Four important tribes in this culture include the Dakota, Cheyenne, Sioux, and Comanche.

The buffalo was the most important natural resource of the Plains Indians. The Plains Indians were hunters. They hunted many kinds of animals, but it was the buffalo which provided them with all of their basic needs: food, clothing, and shelter.

A. The horse, first introduced by the Spaniards appeared in the Plains about the beginning of the 16th cent. and revolutionized the life of the Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their villages and joined the nomads. Mounted and armed with bow and arrow, they ranged the grasslands hunting buffalo.

A. Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons, and tools came from the forests around them. They lived in villages near a lake or stream. The Woodland Indians lived in wigwams and longhouses. The Iroquois, Cherokee, and Mound Builders were important Woodland tribes.

B. The Iroquois Indians were actually a "nation" of Indians made up of 5 tribes. These tribes were the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, and Mohawks. These tribes were hostile, or war-like, to each other until they joined together to become the "League of the Five Nations". Eastern Woodlands

A. Leaders of each Iroquois Nation also came together to discuss matters that were important to all of them, such as peace, trade, or war.

B. These council leaders ( always men, but chosen by the women) were called sachems. The Iroquois had a total of 50 sachems. All sachems had to agree on a solution before any decision was made.

III. European discovery of the New World

A. Early Norse contacts- technically they were the first European attempt to colonize between 986 and 1013 B. Changes in modern Europe 1) Revival of learning — Effect of Crusades- Renaissance late 1400’s 2. Progress in navigation- progress in the art of navigation new instruments-Prince Henry 3. Growth of trade and towns- people wanted the new goods increased trade with Africa, India and China —Expensive 4. New nation-states-first there were feudal holdings merchants supported kings-gunpower C. Voyages of Columbus

Voyages of Columbus

Columbus’ Legacy A.At his death he believed that he had found a western route to Asia B.Modern scholars recognize his daring and commitment to go where nobody had gone before C.Brought permanent interaction between Europeans and Native American D.Treaty of Tordesillas-1494

D. Biological exchange-at expense of the native Indians 1) Animals-iguana-bison-armadillos Native American were introduced to horses, cattle, pigs, Sheep and goats 2. Plants-revolutionized the diet of both hemispheres: corn, beans and potatoes from South America-other New World foods included peanuts, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins cacao and squash The Old World introduced rice, wheat, barley, oats, coffee, olives, bananas, wine grapes

E 3. Device: Europeans adopted canoes, snowshoes, moccasins, hammocks, kayaks, ponchos, dogsleds-lacrosse tobacco 4. Diseases: the most significant aspect of the biological exchange was the transmission of infectious disease — small pos. yellow fever, malaria Results were catastrophic-more Indians died from disease than battles.

E. Early exploration by England and Portugal 1) John Cabot-first to sight North American continent in 1497 2. Ferdinand Magellan-1519

IV. Spanish conquest of the New World

A. Clash of cultures 1. Indian weaknesses a. susceptible to disease b. disunity c. poor transportation 2. Spanish advantages a. accepted risk b. ships c. better military tools-steel swords-gunpower d. horses B. Cortés and other conquistadores 1. Cortés’s conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the Aztecs burned all but one Spanish ship 2. System of encomienda 3. Roles of church and crown

B. Cortés and other conquistadores 1) Cortés’s conquest of Mexico-1519 defeated the Aztecs burned all but one Spanish ship-made Montezuma his puppet-stoned by his own people-smallpox 2) Francisco Pizarro-subdued Inca Empire in Peru 2. System of encomienda- officers became landowners who controlled Indian village

Roles of church and crown

A. Spanish campaign of genocide against the population of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic) as illustrated by Fray Bartolome de las Casas

IV. Spanish conquest of the New World (cont’d)

C. Spanish exploration and early settlement in North America 1) Geographic area of control St. Augustine 1595 De Soto landed on Florida’s west coast went as far as North Carolina-then to Arkansas River then down the Mississippi – then to Mexico Permanent settlements in New Mexico, Texas, California 2. Interactions with Indian culture-blended and coexisted 3. Purposes of settlements a. obtain wealth b. convert Indians-Franciscans and Jesuits-missions c. provide defense

D. Spanish patterns in the southwestern United States 1. Use of religion in colonial control-after ten years a mission would be secularized-land divided among converted Indians-pay taxes-soldiers house in presidios 2. Role of the Franciscans 3. Control by Juan de Oñate-1598 son of Spanish mining family

Juan de Onate A.

Juan de Oñate , fl. 1595-1614, Spanish explorer in the American Southwest, possibly b. New Spain.

In 1598 he led an expedition north from New Spain, took possession of New Mexico for the Spanish king, and established a settlement at San Juan. He was immediately faced by an Native American revolt at Acoma which he put down brutally. In 1601, Oñate, in search of

Quivira, led an expedition across present Oklahoma to the plains around Wichita, Kans., then returned, unsuccessful, to New Mexico, where discontent was rife among the colonists. Anxious to find a route to the South Sea, he led (1605) an expedition westward, reached the Colorado River, and went down it to the Gulf of California before turning back to his colony. He was relieved (1609) as governor and tried on charges of misconduct in office. Convicted in 1614, he later sought a pardon, which was granted before 1624. One of his lieutenants, Gaspar de Villagrá,

celebrated Oñate's deeds in Historia de la Nueva México, but his

real achievements in founding and exploring a broad new realm did not receive the deserved recognition.

Statue of Popé in Capitol's Statuary Hall

A.

Popé gained fame in Spanish America for (A) assisting Junipero Serra in establishing the California missions (B) walking from Florida across the Gulf of Mexico coast before reaching Spanish settlements in Mexico (C) organizing a revolt against the Spanish in 1680 in New Mexico which resulted in 400 deaths (D) helping Coronado explore the Grand Canyon region (E) publicizing the abuses of the Spanish encomienda system

4. New Mexico as a royal province-1608 moved capitol to Santa Fe, in 1610-first permanent seat of government in present-day United States 5. Rebellion Popé, a Pueblo religious leader, organized the most successful Indian revolt against Spanish colonial rule in 1690. Striking at a number of Spanish outposts in New Mexico, Popé's followers killed 200 Spanish colonists and at least 21 Franciscan friars. He attempted to eliminate Spanish influence, ordering the destruction of churches and forbidding the use of the Spanish language or Spanish names. Spain regained control in 1692, but the power of the Franciscans was greatly diminished as the Spanish now viewed New Mexico as an important barrier against the French to the north. Pueblos were given more freedom to practice their religion and some were armed by the Spanish.

IV. Spanish conquest of the New World (cont’d)

E. Horses 1. Indian acquisition-result of Pueblo revolt hundreds of Spanish horse 2. Ecological effects-source of mobility and power 3. Economic effects-became nomadic hunters-trade 4. Negative consequences-killed to many bison thievery-physical burden for women-as value of hides grew, male hunters began to indulge in polygamy

V. Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Europe

A. Martin Luther’s initial leadership B. John Calvin’s role C. Impact of the Reformation in England 1. Henry VIII 2. Church of England

VI. French, Dutch, and English rivalry with the Spanish in North America

A. Verrazzano and Cartier B. Rebellion of the Netherlands in 1567 against Spanish rule and work of the Dutch “Sea Beggars” –privateers that plundered Spanish ships C. English efforts 1. Elizabethan “Sea Dogges” 2. Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 3. Early attempts at English colonization 4. Raleigh’s “Lost Colony”

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