Transcript Settlement Colonization 1500-1763

Settlement
Colonization
1500-1763
• Three major powers controlled the known world:
a) Great Britain
b) Spain
c) France
• In 1492 Columbus sailed to the Americas for Spain
• 1497 and 1498 John Cabot sailed to North America for
Britain
• 1577 Sir Francis Drake landed in San Francisco
• Events in Europe shaped the nature of exploration
• Britain and France both looked for the Northwest
Passage to Asia
Spain
• Spanish explorers dominated Central and South
America
• 1519-21 Cortes conquers Mexico
• De Soto explores the southeast
• 1532 Pizarro conquers Peru
• 1540 Coronado explores the southwest
• 1588 – The Armada is defeated
France
• French explorers sailed along the St. Lawrence River,
through the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi
River from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico
• They were focused on furs and establishing trade with
the Indians – the Spanish focused on wealth and
exploitation of the Indians
• 1524 Verrazano explores the east coast
• 1534 Cartier journeys along the St. Lawrence
• 1680 La Salle sails down the Mississippi
Reasons for Colonization
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Population increase in Britain
Enclosure movement
Primogeniture – first-born sons gets everything
Religious freedom – Puritans and separatists
Economic opportunity –
a) based on Spanish wealth
b) Jamestown
6. Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration
7. Dumping unwanted people - Georgia
Jamestown - Virginia
• The first attempt at colonization was by Sir Walter
Raleigh in 1584
• In 1585 a small group tried establish a colony at
Roanoke. The area was named Virginia after Queen
Elizabeth I of England
• Sir Francis Drake rescued the first settlers, but in 1587
another group arrived
• By 1590 this group had disappeared without trace – this
was the “lost colony” – “Croatoan”
• The next attempt to colonize would be 20 years later
• In 1606 the Virginia Company received a charter from
James I for settlement
• Settlers were guaranteed same rights as Englishmen
• Dec. 1607 about 100 settlers landed at Jamestown (40
had died on the voyage)
• Virginia was terrible – disease, cold, wet
• The colonists/adventurers had not intended to stay –
they wanted to get rich and return to England, but
because of poor location, swampy land, laziness, and
disease many died
• There was no incentive to work
• 1608 Capt. John Smith took over and forced the
colonists to work
• Smith developed good relations with the local Indians Powhatan
• 1609 Smith forced to return to England
• 1609-10 “starving time”
• Gradually relations with the Indians deteriorated
• By 1612 John Rolfe found a way to grow tobacco which
enabled to colony to survive
• By 1616 tobacco is a staple export
• Indentured servants arrived to work in the fields
• The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 when
John Rolfe married Pocahontas
• In 1622 the Indians, fearing a lose of land, attacked
again and killed over 300 settlers including Rolfe
• In 1618 the Virginia Co. developed the Headright
System which gave 50 acres of land to settlers and 50
more for each person he brought
• 1n 1619:
a) the Virginia Company formed the first law-making
representative body in America – the Virginia House of
Burgesses
b) Colonists given same rights as Englishmen
c) the first Africans arrived
d) 90 women arrived and sold to husbands
• In 1622 James I dissolved the Virginia Company and
made Virginia a royal colony in 1624
• He also established the Church of England and the
clergy were supported by the tax payers
New England Colonies
• In 1530s Henry VIII created the Anglican Church – but
still very Catholic
• The Puritans wanted to completely purify the Anglican
Church of Catholic influence
• Separatists (extreme Calvinists) wanted to break away
from the Anglican Church because of philosophical
differences
• James I kicked the Separatists out of England and they
went to Holland
• They hated Holland!
• They negotiated with the Virginia Company and agreed
to relocate to the New World
• In 1620 they arrived off the coast of New England
• They surveyed the area and agreed to settle Plymouth,
not Virginia
• They created a colony without authority and became
squatters
• Only about the colonists were Separatists but they were
all hard working and determined – unlike Virginia
Plymouth
• Before landing they agreed upon the Mayflower
Compact
• The compact was not a Constitution, but a set of rules
• Almost half the settlers died that first winter, but the
next year the harvest was plentiful
• William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times
• In 1691 Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay
Colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• In 1623 Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts and
remained part of Massachusetts for over a century
• In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to settle in the
New World
• They were a large, well-equipped group led by John
Winthrop who wanted to create “a city upon a hill”
• Thanks to fishing, furs, and ship building the colony
thrived
• Almost immediately the franchise was extended to all
males who were “freemen” and who belonged to the
Puritan Churches
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About two-fifths of the population could vote
The provincial government was not a democracy
Winthrop feared democracy
Religious leaders dictated who would be allowed in the
Church and so they controlled the society
Quakers were fined, flogged, and/or banished
Anne Hutchinson claimed a pure life was no sign of
salvation – angered the Church
She claimed she was instructed by God
In 1638 she was banished and went to Rhode Island
The Great Migration – 75,000 Puritans
• Roger Williams went further – demanding a break from
the Church of England
• Argued that civil decisions should not make religious
dictates
• In 1635 he was banished to Rhode Island
Rhode Island
• The land of outcasts – “Little Rhody” “Rogues Island”
• People who settled there were not necessarily similar but
not wanted elsewhere
• Most were against special privileges
• It secured a charter in 1644 which:
a) recognized freedom of religion
b) accepted a separation of church and state
c) no taxes to support the church
d) no compulsory church attendance
Connecticut
• In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas Hooker
• The settlers were Puritans
• In 1639 they drafted the Fundamental Orders
- a modern constitution and the first written constitution
in the colonies
New Hampshire
• John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for New
Hampshire
• In 1639 settlers signed the Exeter Compact which had
been patterned after the Mayflower Compact
• In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by Massachusetts
• In 1679 it was separated and made a royal colony
• The Middle Colonies are New York, Pennsylvania, New
Jersey,and Delaware
• All had fertile, gently sloping land
• Farms generally not huge
• Usually friendly with the Indians
• Incredible cultural and religious diversity
• Colonies were more ethnically mixed
• Very socially and economically democratic
New York
• In 1609 Henry Hudson explored the coast of New York
and Delaware and claimed the area for the Dutch
• The Dutch West Indies company purchased Manhattan
Island from the Indians for some trinkets
• They established New Amsterdam and gave large tracts
of lands to promoters who brought groups of settlers to
the New Netherlands
• The settlers were from all across Europe
• The Indians, New Englanders, and Swedes all attacked
the Dutch
• The Swedes established New Sweden on the Delaware
River
• In 1655 the Dutch sent the one-legged Peter Stuyvesant
to remove the Swedes
• Stuyvesant besieged the Swedes and forced them to
surrender – thus ending New Sweden
• In 1664 Charles II granted the area of New York to his
brother the Duke of York
• The English easily defeated the Dutch and renamed the
area New York
New Jersey
• After the Dutch were forced out the land between
Virginia and New England the Duke of York made a
proprietary grant to Sir George Carteret and Lord
Berkeley
• The plan was to sell the land and make a fortune from
real estate
• The area was called New Jersey
• In 1702 it was granted a Royal charter
Pennsylvania
• In 1681 William Penn received a massive land grant
from the king
• The area was already inhabited by thousands of
squatters
• Philadelphia was well-organized and much better than
most other cities
• Penn acquired land by purchasing it from the Indians
• The colony developed a dislike towards slavery and
attracted people from all classes and cultures
• The colony was a “Holy Experiment” for Quakers
• The Quakers were against war and violence and lived
simple lives
• Freedom of worship extended to all except Jews and
Catholics
• The colony welcomed all people and the Quakers treated
the Indians with respect. However, non-Quakers were
often violent towards the Indians
• By 1700 only Virginia was richer and more populated
• In contrast to the New England and middle colonies the
southern colonies:
Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, and
Georgia, were predominantly rural settlements
• The social, political, and economic structure was
dominated by the wealthy farmer
Maryland
• Was the fourth colony founded (second plantation
colony)
• In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a “Catholic Haven”
• Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but
Protestants were also welcome
• Maryland Toleration Act decreed religious freedom for
all except Jews and atheists (death penalty)
• The colony prospered thanks to tobacco
• Initially depended upon indentured servants
Carolina
• In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II
• Virginia colonists inhabited the region which was known
as Albermarle and resented being part of Carolina
• The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the colony, but
they focused on the southern part
• 1669 3 ships under the command of Sir Anthony AshleyCooper sailed to Barbados to collect sugar farmers
• In 1670 Charleston was founded
• Many settlers in the Carolinas were squatters – people
who owned no land
• They were rough and rugged and defied authority
• Because of their immunity to malaria, slaves were hired
to work the fields
• Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was written by
Ashley-Cooper and his secretary, John Locke offered
religious toleration to encourage settlers
• In 1690s rice was introduced and became the staple crop
• In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the
crown and called North Carolina
• 1712 the Carolinas separated
• In 1729 South Carolina became a Royal colony
Georgia
• Philanthropic experiment, founded by
James Oglethorpe in 1733 – the last colony
• Intended as a buffer between the French in Louisiana
and Spanish in Florida
• Was meant as a refuge for English debtors
• All Christians –except Catholics enjoyed religious
freedom
• Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to convert
the Indians
• Constant struggles with the Spanish in Florida
• Georgia became a buffer between the Spanish and the
English colonies
• In 1738 Oglethorpe fought the Spanish in the King
George’s War (War of Austrian Succession)
• Oglethorpe was able to get a victory
• In 1740 the Spanish attacked Georgia and Oglethorpe
and his men defeated the Spanish and sent them back to
Florida
Plantation Colonies
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All used slavery
Development of cities was secondary
All aspects of life centered on the plantation
Tobacco and rice were the main crops
All permitted some religious freedom
Indians and Spanish were a continual problem
More closely associated with Britain
Iroquois
• The Iroquois lived in New York State and included the
Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Deganawidah, and
Hiawatha
• They fought other Indian groups before the Dutch,
French, and English
• They allied with the French or British depending on the
best deal
Puritans and Indians
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Initially the Indians tried to befriend the settlers
Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep the peace
In 1637 after mounting tension the Pequot War started
The settlers annihilated the Pequot and established
almost 40 years of peace
• In 1675 Metacom (called King Philip by the English)
united the Indians in an attempt to remove the settlers –
he failed
• 100 years after Columbus, 90% of the Indians that came
into contact with Europeans died
Part 2
Colonial Society in the
th
17
Century
Life in the colonies
• Life in all the colonies was hard – dictated by religion,
economics, and/or geography
• Most migrants were indentured servants
• As the number of planters increased so profits decreased
causing conflict between large plantation owners and
small farmers
• Poor whites lost the economic opportunity, much like
the slaves
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Gov. William Berkeley gave tax-free land grants to
himself and his friends
• The corrupt House of Burgesses voted to exclude
landless freemen from voting
• The poor yeoman wanted the Indians removed from the
frontier to make more land available
• Wealthy farmers wanted to limit the amount of land
available and trade for furs
• The yeomen formed a militia and began killing Indians
• Berkeley did not want the fur trade disrupted so he
agreed to build forts along the frontier
• Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governing council,
protested and killed some peaceful Indians – Berkeley
arrested Bacon
• Bacon’s men threatened to release him by force
• Berkeley agreed to political reforms to keep the peace
and restored the vote to the landless freemen
• Bacon’s men still burned Jamestown and issued a
“Manifesto and Declaration of the People” and an end to
rule by the wealthy
• Although bacon died in 1676 the rebellion resulted in
lower taxes and an expansion into Indian land
• Virginia and Maryland stopped accepting indentured
servants and focused instead on slaves
• 90% of the colonists involved in agriculture
• Tobacco was the staple crop of Maryland and Virginia
• Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, New Jersey
produced grain
• New England focused on ship building and fishing
• 1730s the economy was collapsing because of British
control
• When the colonists looked for other markets the British
cracked down
• The colonists resorted to smuggling
Slavery
• 75% of English immigrants were indentured servants
• 40% died before the seven years ended
• By the end of the 1600s the supply of indentured
servants was running low, forcing southern farmers to
resort to slave labor
• The first Africans were treated even worse than
indentured servants, but they were not legally enslaved
and through hard work some did achieve relative
success
• By 1660 slavery was a hereditary and permanent
position
• The land was taken from the Indians, the workers came
from Africa, the capital came from Europe
• Sophisticated slave-catching systems were implemented
in Africa to keep the colonies supplied
• Sugar became the most profitable crop, but with the
Navigation Acts sugar and tobacco was re-exported and
accounted for over half of Britain’s exports
• Slave who survived the Middle Passage were worked to
death in the sugar fields
Plantations
• The land and climate in the South led to the plantation
system
• Huge plantations grew rice, tobacco, and indigo
• The plantation owners became the wealthy aristocracy
and dominated the political and social life of the South
• The plantations needed a plentiful supply of labor
• By 1750 over 200,000 slaves worked on plantations
Mercantilism
• Economic policy to protect the Mother country
• Colonies provide a market and raw materials
• 1660s – Navigation Acts
a) all colonial imports and exports must be on English
ships
b) certain items could only be shipped through British
ports
• In 1675 Charles II created the Lords of Trade to enforce
the mercantilism, but they became colonial
administrators
• 1699 Wool Act – forbade the export of wool from the
colonies
• 1732 Hat Act – prohibited exportation of hats from one
colony to another
• 1733 Molasses Act – taxed molasses which was needed
for rum
• 1679 Lords of Trade deny Massachusetts the right to
add new Hampshire, and make NH a separate colony
• In 1684 the Massachusetts charter was revoked by the
Lords of Trade
Society
• Puritans believed the world was full of evil and danger –
very superstitious
• Between 1647-62 Massachusetts and Connecticut
hanged 14 people for witchcraft
• In 1692 at Salem175 people were arrested , 20 women
were hanged
• After the trials people began to look at religion in a
different light – there were no more witch trials after
1692
• Enlightenment philosophy emphasized reason
People
• Puritans encouraged self-government with all
landowners having a voice
• This was far more democratic than in England
• They believed in a social and economic hierarchy – the
largest plots of land when to the families with high social
status
• A society of yeoman farmers emerged
• Town meeting decided town policy
Religion
• The Enlightenment caused people to think differently
about religion
• Some including Franklin turned to Deism
• Less wealthy colonists turned to Pietism, which
emphasized pious behavior and religious emotion
• Starting in 1739 George Whitefield ( a follower of John
Wesley) began a new style of preaching known as the
Great Awakening
• Hundreds felt the “New Light” of God and became
followers of Whitefield
• “Old Lights” – the conservatives, criticized the emotion
of the New Lights
• Thus the Great Awakening undermined the authority of
the church and ministers
• As a result of the Great Awakening colleges opened to
prepare ministers for preaching – Princeton, Columbia,
and Brown
Indians
• Puritans believed they were acting in the name of God,
so the land was really theirs
• In 1636 the Pequot attacked the English who had
intruded on their land
• The English allied with other Indians and killed over
500 Pequot
• Puritans saw the Indians as savages
• Disease and violence subdued the Indians in New
England
• In 1675 Indians had killed an Indian missionary and 3
Indians were captured put on trial and executed at
Plymouth
• Metacom (King Philip to the English) allied with some
other tribes against the English but it was to late
• Land-hungry settlers started a war against the Indians
• Both sides resorted to unimagined violence resulting in
hundreds of deaths
• Eventually, of course, the Indians lost – and lost
everything
Colonial Unity
• In 1643 four colonies created the New England
Confederation (almost totally Puritan)
• The colonies became semiautonomous entities
• When Charles II was restored in 1660 he was shocked
how little power he had in the colonies
Opposition Grows
• In 1686 the Dominion of New England (CT, RI, MB, PL)
was created to bolster defenses against the Indians. 1688
NY and NJ added
• Andros:
a) prohibits town meetings
b) restricts courts
c) taxed people without their consent
d) revoked land titles
• All of this happened while the Glorious Revolution
(1688) was taking place in England
• British monarch loses power – Parliament accepts John
Locke’s Two Treatises on Government
• Rebellions start in the colonies
• The Dominion of New England collapsed
• Andros escaped to England
• In 1691 Massachusetts gets a new charter allowing all
male land owners to vote and religious freedom
• Salutary neglect allowed businessmen free reign to
develop the colonies as a source of trade
European Conflicts
• For most of the 1700s Britain and France fought for
control of western Europe and other parts of the world
• 1702-1713 War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne’s
War)
• British armed the Creek Indians to protect Georgia
from the French and Spanish
• The French armed the Mohawks in New England and
attacked frontier settlers
• Iroquois refused to take sides
• 1713 Treaty of Utrecht solidifies British control
• Britain gained Arcadia, (later renamed Nova Scotia,)
Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. The British now
sandwiched the French possessions in Louisiana.
• In 1739 a small conflict broke out between the British
and the Spanish in the Caribbean. An English sea
captain had his ear cut off by a Spanish captain - British
government was infuriated. The War of Jenkin’s Ear,
later became part of the much larger War of Austrian
Succession (King George’s War in America.)
• France allied with Spain against the British and
regained its lost North American possessions.
• Some New Englanders invaded New France and
captured the French fortress at Louisbourg.
• The peace treaty signed in 1748 handed the fort back to
the French and outraged the New Englanders who felt
betrayed by the British government.
• The New Englanders still considered the French their
greatest threat.