Transcript Document 7171741

Hawaii Aquarium
Fish Industry --2011
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Industry Proposed Rules for Regulation
Industry-Imposed Regs: Oahu ONLY
Oahu T/F populations: sustainable levels
Objective: L/T sustainability of ind. & pops.
Industry  DLNR (Dir. Wm. Aila)
Status: data show tropical fish are NOW
being taken at sustainable levels
Proposed Regulations for Oahu
Aquarium Fish Industry
• Restrictions on gear
• Restrictions on bag limits
• Restrictions on off-limit species
Restrictions on gear
• NET: <60’ long, <6’ high
• Net placement >60’ from next net
Restrictions on bag limits
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Yellow Tangs: <100/indiv/d; 1.5” - 5”
Kole: <75/indiv/d; < 5”
Potter’s angelfish: <50/indiv/d
Naso tang: <50/indiv/d
Moorish idol: <25/indiv/d
Achilles tang: <10/indiv/d
Banded Angel: < 5.5”
Restrictions on off-limit species
• No Taking of:
– Ornate butterflyfish
– Oval butterflyfish
– Reticulated butterflyfish
Salmon
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Anadromous Species
#3 of top 3 species consumed in U. S.
~5% consumed as canned (= sardines)
2/3 is farmed & imported
– Norway, Chile, Canada
– fresh & frozen fillets, dressed whole, steaks
• U.S. salmon farming: ME & WA (small)
Wild Caught Salmon
• 1/3 of U.S. consumption is wild salmon
• #2 com’l landing after pollock
• 600-900M lbs/yr for last decade
– pink>sockeye>chum>coho>chinook
• Most catch all species: AK
– Low population levels
• Some chinook catch: AK, WA, OR, CA
• Only Atlantic salmon are farmed
Percentages of global marine capture fishery production accounted by regions of the ocean
Fishing area
Atlantic
% global capture production
25.6
Northwest
2.4
West central
2.1
Southwest
2.7
Northeast
12.7
East central
4.1
Southeast
1.6
Pacific
62.6
Northwest
26.9
West central
11.5
Southwest
0.9
Northeast
2.9
East central
2.0
Southeast
Indian
18.4
10.0
East
5.5
West
4.5
Salmon Management
• Wild Atlantic Salmon: NEFMC
– Atlantic Salmon: prohibited com’l fishing
– Due to low population numbers
• Alaskan Wild Salmon
– NPFMC (FMP) + AK (St waters)
– Considered healthy fisheries
– NPFMC + Joint treaty w/ Canada
• WC<49°N:PFMC + WA,OR,CA (St waters)
• Some local populations are threatened
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Alpha-Linolenic Acid
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Arachidonic Acid
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Salmon Nutritional Information
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Species
Fat
w3
(g/3oz) (mg/3oz)
Atlantic, Farmed 10.5
1800
King, Wild
11.3
1700
Coho, Wild
3.7
900
Sockeye, Wild
5.7
800
Chum, Wild
4.1
800
Chol.
(mg/3oz)
54
72
47
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Aquaculture Overview
Seafood Demand
Fisheries Yield
Overview
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Lecture
Subject
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Context & Concepts
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Global & U.S. Overview, Q&A
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Issues, Future Directions, Q&A
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Video, Info, Q&A, Quiz
“The Aquaculture Gap”
• “The 80-mmt difference between the
global wild harvest of food fish and the
world demand for healthy seafood”
--United Nations FAO
Aquaculture
• = Underwater agriculture
• = any intervention in the life cycle of an
aquatic organism intended to increase
production of that organism
Aquaculture
Multiple Forms
– Hawaiian fish ponds,
– manipulation of pond environments,
– intensive production systems,
– cage culture,
– ocean ranching,
– stock enhancement
– others
AG-AQ Comparison
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Plant Species
Animal Species
Carnivores
AG
Many
Few
Few
AQ
Few
Many
Many
Underwater Agriculture: Contrast
Aquaculture & Agriculture
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Regulatory Regime – who came first
Breeding: Ease, Selection
Number of Species
Number of Drugs & Therapeutics
Technical Complexity of the Production System
Government Programs (Assistance, Training, Insurance)
History of Research, Development & Experience
Impact of Globalization -- Competition
Food Production is a Value
Sustainability
Countries with Aquaculture History
AG-AQ Comparison
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Regulations
Breeding
Brdg Options
Brdg Selection
D’s & T’s
Gov’t Programs
R&D
Global Imp.
Global Imports
AG
few
easy
many
many
many
many
long
Major
minor
AQ
many
difficult
few
few
few
few
brief
minor
major
Aquaculture
• 49% global fisheries production
• FW easier than marine
– egg size, feed size
– breeding acclimatization
• FW fish: K end of r-K spectrum
Table 12.2. Breakdown of world aquaculture production by major category of cash crop in
2002.
Category of cash crop
Percentage of aquaculture production
Freshwater fish
42.7
Mollusks
23.0
Aquatic plants
22.6
Diadromous fish
5.0
Crustaceans
4.1
Marine fish
2.3
Breed, Seed, Feed, Weed
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Carp, tilapia, mullet, &
Milkfish, molluscs, (shrimp)
Complete feed – challenges
Aquatic plants
Salmon releases
– 3-5% return for profitability
Breed, Seed, Feed, Weed
• Diseases, parasites, competitors, &
• predators, habitat, water quality
• Maintenance of Production Unit
– DO (~1m, ammonia, light)
– Flow through cages
• Diseases (e.g., shrimp, stress)
• Diurnal DO maintenance
Breed, Seed, Feed, Weed
• Xbrdg has ^ corn yield 5X since Civil War
• Control and manipulate reproduction
• Quantity, quality, on-demand
Aquaculture Concepts
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What’s Involved
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Biology, Chemistry
Farming, Engineering,
Business, Finance, Marketing,
Permitting,
Compliance
Aquaculture Concepts
– What Should You Grow?
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OI Fish Chronology Exemplifies History &
Changing Priorities
mullet, milkfish, mahimahi, moi, kahala
What you CAN grow?
What the market SAYS it wants?
More than one species?
What you can make a profit growing?
Foodfish Research Species
Milkfish
Striped Mullet
Mahimahi
Pacific Threadfin
Foodfish Research Species
Bluefin Trevally
Longfin Amberjack
Ornamental Fish
Flame Angelfish
Yellow Tang
Potter’s Angelfish
Aquaculture Concepts
– Biological Components
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Reproductive Physiology
– Maturation & Spawning
– Reliable, High Quality Seed
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Feeds & Early Life History, e.g., shrimp, fish
Production “Breed, Seed, Feed & Weed”
Animal Health Management (Disease)
Multiple Species
Reproductive Physiology
• Maturation
• Spawning
• Water quality, nutrition, “conditions”
Shrimp Early Life History
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Feeds, Changes, Water Quality
N1-N5: ~1.5d, no feed, algae
Z1-Z3: ~3d, algae, rotifers, artemia
M1-M3: ~3d, algae, rotifers, partic. Feed
QA/QC: appearance, stress tests, size
Shrimp Growout
• Feed
• Water quality
• Disease prevention & maintenance
Research Shrimp Species
Pacific White Shrimp
Chinese Fleshy Prawn
Tiger Prawn
Aquaculture Concepts
– Constraints & Issues
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Environmental
Siting,
Financing,
HACCP, SSOP & Traceability requirements
Current Aquaculture Issues
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Continued improvement of ind. Practices
Lower costs of prod. (prod.& price)
Consolidation & integration
Disease Mitigation (Pm => SPF Pv)
Value-added processing
Improved Communication w/ stakeholders
Overview
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Lecture
Subject
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Context & Concepts
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Global & U.S. Overview, Q&A
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Issues, Future Directions, Q&A
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Hawaii Video, Info, Q&A, Quiz
Global Aquaculture
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Numerical Notes
International Seafood Trade ~ $60B / yr
Aquaculture ~1/2 Global Seafood
w/o China, Global Aquaculture Production ~ 12
mmton (~$30B) 2001
Leading Exporters = China, Norway, Thailand
Leading (~80%) Importers = US, Japan, EU
~ 35 lbs/indiv/yr (2001)  ~ 45 lbs/indiv/yr
(2030)
Shrimp Aquaculture > 4mmton / yr
U.S. Imports - 2008
• Salmon ~40M lbs / yr
• Tilapia ~30M lbs / yr
• Shrimp ~ 15M lbs / yr ($$$)
Global Aquaculture
• Fish
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Fresh Water: carp (25%), tilapia, trout, catfish,
• eel, crayfish, prawn, others
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Seawater: salmon, milkfish, seabream,
• seabass, flounder, grouper, others
• Crustaceans
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Fresh/Brackish Water: Prawns (technology
development in 60’s), crayfish
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Seawater: Shrimp ( spawning technology in 50’s)
• expanded in 70’s, to date; Ecuador, wild pl’s
• 1980(~2%) 1990(~25%)
Salmon Imports (lbs) to U. S.
• Form
Apr05
YTD05
d%04-05 YTD
• Whole 11.8M
58.2M
17.3
• Fillet
97.5M
16.4
19.8
• Canada, Chile, Iceland, Norway, UK,
others
Salmon Information Sites
• http://www.salmonoftheamericas.com
/ http://www.farmfreshsalmon.org/
http://www.pacaqua.org/
http://www.aquacomgroup.com/index.
cfm
http://www.greenspiritstrategies.com/
D54.cfm
Global Aquaculture
• Fish
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Fresh Water: carp (25%), tilapia, trout, catfish,
• eel, crayfish, prawn, others
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Seawater: salmon, milkfish, seabream,
• seabass, flounder, grouper, others
• Crustaceans
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Fresh/Brackish Water: Prawns (technology
development in 60’s), crayfish
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Seawater: Shrimp ( spawning technology in 50’s)
• expanded in 70’s, to date; Ecuador, wild pl’s
• 1980(~2%) 1990(~25%)
Shrimp Imports to U.S.
• Form May05 YTD05
• All
62M
377M
d%04-05 YTD
-14%
• Thailand, China, Indonesia, India,
Ecuador, Viet Nam, Mexico, Bangladesh,
Venezuela, Malaysia, Peru, others
2008 Shrimp Production (Mmt/y)
• China
• S.E.Asia
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~1.2
~1.5
Thailand
Vietnam
Indonesia
India/Bangladesh
• Americas
• Africa
~0.5
~0.4
~0.3
~1.5
~0.5
~0.05
Global Aquaculture
• Mollusks
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Seawater: oysters, clams, mussels,
scallops
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Seed production technology US in 20’s
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No feed, no confinement
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3-D Production technology from Japan
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Now ~70% Asia, ~20% Europe
Global Aquaculture
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Seaweed
Porphyra spp. (nori)
technology developed in Japan, spread
Processing is an “art form”
Laminaria spp. goiter mitigation, agar,
carrageenan, etc
• Low Tech Production, Low Value Product
Global Aquaculture
• ASIA
• China
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Largest producer by far: ~50% fish, ~25%
shrimp, mollusks, seaweed
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Simple, cheap, extensive, labor, use local
“resources”, pollutive
• Japan
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Long history, high tech, highly advanced,
• use tech. to out-source production
huge diversity of species: fish, 19 species mollusks,
seaweeds, eel, shrimp
Global Aquaculture
• ASIA (cont)
• Taiwan
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Similar to Japan
• Thailand
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Huge growth of shrimp production in 90’s, aided by
value-added processing
• Indonesia
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Large Shrimp Producer (80’s to date)
• Viet Nam
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Rapid Growth of shrimp production since late 90’s
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Basa
Global Aquaculture
• NORTHER EUROPE
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Norway, Scotland, Ireland, England
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Salmon Net Pen Technology
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Denmark, France
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Eel technology in 70’s
• CANADA
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Salmon, oysters, mussels
Australian Aquaculture
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S. Bluefin Tuna
Pearls
Atlantic Salmon
Edible Oysters
Prawns
Others
$261 M
$175 M
$ 112 M
$ 57 M
$ 65 M
9%
Global Aquaculture
• SOUTHERN EUROPE
• Spain, Greece, Italy, France, Portugal
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Trout, salmon, seabass, turbot,
seabream, mussels,
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oysters, clams
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Rapidly growing
Global Aquaculture
• LATIN AMERICA
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Mexico, Ecuador, Belize, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Columbia, etc
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Shrimp & Net Pen Tuna
• SOUTH AMERICA
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Brazil: shrimp
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Chile: salmon, molluscs
Global Aquaculture
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Amounts, Species, US$ Value
By-Country Overview
Temporal Trends
Asian & Occidental Views toward Ocean
Use
– Farms are lived on in Asia
– Issues
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Foreign Exchange, Social Impacts, Anti-Dumping
Price Competition, Value-Added Products
Disease, Environmental Issues
U.S. Aquaculture
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Amounts, Species, US$ Value
Temporal Trends
Context of Industry Development
Asian & Occidental Views toward Ocean
Use
Overview
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Lecture
Subject
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Context & Concepts
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Global Overview
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U.S. & Hawaii Overview
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Issues, Future Directions
U.S. Aquaculture
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MARINE
FRESH WATER
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Mollusks
Oysters
Clams
Scallops
Mussels
Mollusks
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Crustaceans
Shrimp
Lobsters
Crustaceans
Prawns
Crayfish
Finfish
Salmon
Red Drum
Other (moi)
Algae
Macroscopic Algae
Microscopic Algae
Finfish
Catfish, Bait, Tilapia
Trout, Ornamentals, Sturgeon
Salmon Smolt, H-Stripped Bass
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Other
Alligators
U.S. Aquaculture
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Fw > Sw
(75% Fw)
Top 3: Catfish, crayfish, trout
Catfish (60’s, 18 States, off-flavors)
Crayfish (LA, cultural, low-tech)
Much Non-Food
– Bait, stocking, ornamentals
U.S. Aquaculture Demographics
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Gross Farm Production: ~static for 5 y
Gross Farm Production: ~0.5mmt
U.S. moved 5th  12th globally
~200,000 jobs
U.S. Policy
• USDOC: Increase production from $0.9B
(04) to $5B (05)
• Offset $7B/y trade deficit in seafood
• Context: large demand for high quality,
high end products; ability to pay
• U.S. spent >$55B for seafood
• 70% restaurants & 30% retail for home
• Seafood imports >$10B/y (40-50% farmed
in DC’s)
“Achieving U.S. Policy
Objectives…” Food Policy. 2004
• Technical Targets
– Rejuvenate traditional oyster industry
– Expand mussel industry & other mollusks
– Revitalize FW crustacean production
• Crayfish, prawns
– Increase salmon, trout, FW & marine fish
“Achieving U.S. Policy
Objectives…” Food Policy. 2004
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Program Cost
Capital investments:marine fish production
~$1M for 12 net-pen complex
~$35/m3 for offshore, submerged cage
~$50/m2 anchored mollusk facility
~$10000/ha for crustacean pond
~$100/m2 intensive shrimp raceway
~$12000/ha for FW fish facility
“Achieving U.S. Policy
Objectives…” Food Policy. 2004
• Space
– ~relatively small, no problem
– <<1% of area of Nat’l Marine Sanctuary
Program administered by NOAA
• Time
– 10-15y to build industry >50,000mt once the
technology is in place (based on catfish &
salmon industries
“Achieving U.S. Policy
Objectives…” Food Policy. 2004
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Hurdles
~7kg SF/y vs ~100kg meat&poultry/y
Little preference for U.S. products by U.S
Marketing: good info in blizzard of misinfo
Separation of St & Fed water jurisdictions
Access to capital, as per foreign producers
Hawaii Aquaculture
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Amounts, Species, US$ Value
Overview
Temporal Trends
Constraints & Issues – Permitting,
Financing, Siting, Sizing
Shrimp Industry
Hawaiian Aquaculture
Prioritizing
Environmental Sustainability
By
Design & Operation
Government
Government
Research
Research
Commercial
Commercial
Government
Government
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Planning
Siting
EA/EIS
Permitting
Lead agency
Support
Research
Research
Commercial
Commercial
Government
Government
Research
Research
Selective Breeding
Zero Exchange
Intensification
SPF Broodstock
Feeds-Byproducts
Seed Production
Disease Prevention
Stock Enhancement
Commercial
Commercial
Government
Government
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Research
Research
Commercial
Commercial
Microalgae
Macroalgae
Offshore Finfish
Tilapia
Shrimp Broodstock
Shrimp Production
Moi Production History
350,000
300,000
Pounds
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year
1990
2000
2010
The Near Future
• 10 OceanSpar 3000 cages permitted
under current leases
• Annual production per cage limits at about
120,000 pounds (stocking density of 30
kg/m3, one crop per year per cage)
• Possible to go higher by perhaps a factor
of two but disease may become an issue
• Thus, currently permitted industry could
produce 1,200,000 to 2,000,000 pounds/yr
Impact on Local Economy
• Assume 1,000,000 pounds annual production
• Price comparable to Moi today
• Direct production impact (wholesale)
– Approximately $4 million
• Economic impact at retail market
– About $15 million
• Tax and lease rental income to the State
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$40,000 lease rental
$20,000 wholesale excise tax
$600,000 retail excise tax
$700,000 income taxes
• State needs to invest commensurately
Impediments and needs (cont.)
• Infrastructure improvements
– More ports with better access by industry
– Facilities in ports for handling of feed and fish
• Veterinarian services
– When disease strikes – which it will – must have
expertise to diagnose and implement a solution
• Hatcheries
– A chicken vs. egg problem (which is first?)
– Hatchery production must be 200,000 fingerlings per
month per farm
• These issues need to be addressed by the farmer
in cooperation with the State of Hawaii
Impediments and Needs
• Environmental Issues
– Open Ocean Aquaculture is an
agricultural activity in the sea
• Necessarily has a set of waste
discharges
• Must recognize that this
consequence is similar to that
for agriculture
• Natural ecosystem uses
aquaculture waste as food
– Ecosystem external to cage is
healthy and vibrant
• Market
– Can local market accept more
production?
– Can a distant market be
developed?
• These issues need to be
addressed by the farmer
Impediments and Needs (cont.)
• Technology improvements
– Automated Feeders
– Automated cage cleaners
– Effective monitoring methods and protocols
• Urgently need more species to cultivate
• Need improved hatchery methodology and technology
• Need larger systems further from shore
• Commitment by State and National regulators that
aquaculture is needed and necessary activity
• Money for Research and Development
• These issues need to be addressed by the Research
and Public Policy communities
Government
Government
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Research
Research
Commercial
Commercial
Microalgae
Macroalgae
Offshore Finfish
Finfish
Shrimp Broodstock
Shrimp Production
Government
Government
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Research
Research
Commercial
Commercial
Microalgae
Macroalgae
Offshore Finfish
Finfish
Shrimp Broodstock
Shrimp Production
Shrimp: Why, Where, How
• #1U.S. Seafood Preference
• U.S. Imports >600 M lbs/yr
• Shrimp Trade Deficit > $3 B /yr
• > 30 % Aquacultured
• 80 : 20 % East : West Hemisphere
• ~ 0 % from Domestic Aquaculture
•Target harvests >14,000 pounds per crop
•>40,000 lb/ac/year = >43,000Kg/ha/year
• ~90% of harvests in the 20/25, 26/30, 31/35, 36/40 size classes
•Exceptional genetic lines for breeding
•Year-round production of premium product
1. HACHERY FACILITIES
2. FARM
3. PROCESSING PLANT
•Intensive
•Integrated
Company’s Drivers
• Selectively Bred SPF Seed
• Intensive Production Systems
• Animal Health Management System
• Environmental Compatibility Prioritized
• Focus on Product Quality
• Continual Improvements – R & D
Ceatech Seedstock
• Exclusively from internal breeding program
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-No juveniles removed form nature
- Avoid #1 Contamination Source
- Avoid sending Contaminated animals elsewhere
- Avoid Releasing Contamination to Environment
Regular Diagnostic Screenings
Isolating Hatchery from Farm
Separating Hatchery from Farm
Ceatech Farm Operations
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Feed: Minimum fishmeal use
Minimize FCR
Feeding & Evaluation Practice
No Bioactive Compounds
Solid Waste to local Nurseries
NPDES Monitoring
Formal Animal containment Plan
Formal Animal Health Management Plan
Product Wholesomeness
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Harvesting Expedited
• No Use of Preservatives
• No Use of Chloromfenicol etc.
• SSOP & HAACP Plans Govern Farm
Operations
•FDA Salmonella Exercise
Aquaculture Information Sources
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GLOBAL
World Aquaculture Society
www.was.org
United Nations FAO
www.fao.org/fi/statist/statist.asp
Global Aquaculture Alliance
www.gaalliance.org
Aquaculture Information Sources
• UNITED STATES
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Agriculture
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www.usda.gov
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Commerce
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www.noaa.gov
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National Aquaculture Alliance
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www.naa.org
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USDA Regional Aquaculture Center
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www.ctsa.org
Aquaculture Information Sources
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HAWAII
The Oceanic Institute
www.oceanicinstitute.org
Hawaii Aquaculture Development Program
www.hawaiiaquaculture.org
Hawaii Aquaculture Association
www.hiaqua.org
Overview
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Lecture
Subject
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Context & Concepts
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Global Overview
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U.S. & Hawaii Overview
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Issues, Future Directions
Environmental Issues
– Organic Pollution & Eutrophication
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Impact to adjacent ecosystems
Anoxic benthos under net-pens
– Chemical Pollution
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Antibiotics, fertilizers, hormones, algacides
Resistance development, impacts to wild stocks
Environmental Issues
– Biological Pollution
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Introduced Species (diversity, displacement)
» Atlantic Salmon, Pacific white Shrimp, Japanese
Oysters
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Native Species (genetic drift of wild populations)
» Escape of Selectively Bred animals
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Transgenics (genetic drift of wild populations)
» Faster growth, cold tolerance, disease resistance
» Salmon, tilapia, striped bass, catfish, abalone,
oysters
Environmental Issues
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Diseases & Parasites
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damage to wild populations
Flatworms and oysters,
viruses and shrimp,
lice and salmon
Environmental Issues
Fish Meal
indirect effect to wild populations
Uses fully exploited stocks (objective)
Aquaculture ^ while FM ~ steady
Aquaculture (45% FM)
as FM prices rise demand will increase
dioxin and PCB content
Conflicting standards EPA, FDA, WHO
Fish Meal
• Stocks are different than those used for
human consumption
• Small, boney fish from sustainable
populations with constant landings over
three decades
• Inclusion levels of FM are declining due to
replacement with other, cheaper
ingredients (vegProt, crysAA, by-products)
Food Chain leading to Commercial Fish in the Ocean
Trophic
level
7
6
5
4
Large tuna, sharks, billfish
(0.51)
Small tuna, salmon, squid
(3.39)
Chaetognaths, micronekton
Mesopelagic vertical migrators
(22.6)
(45.2)
113
226
Crustacean zooplankton
(339)
3
2
1
Ciliates
(1,695)
Flagellates
(8,476)
Algal picoplankton and
nanoplankton (42,380)
Fish Meal: Unsustainability Myth
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“2-5:1 just isn’t sustainable”
Trophic Transfer Efficiency
Fish Meal 10-30 % of Compound Feed
Feeds have targeted nutritional profile
Fish don’t spend time hunting for food
Bite-sized Feed minimizes waste eating
Fish Meal: Unsustainability Myth
• 5-30 X more efficient than wild production
– No by-catch issues
– No reproduction energy losses
– Harvested after max growth
Safe & Wholesome Q’s
• “the Hites report” Science 2004
• Safety of AQ salmon (dioxin, PCB)
• Controversial
– Limit eating farmed seafood to 1/month
– Conclusions, omission of SF health benefits
• European Panel of scientists July 2005
• “From the limited data…if there are any
differences (PCB & dioxin) between farmed and
wild fish they are small…wrt their safety for the
consumer, there is no difference”.
Farmed versus Wild Salmon
• Species: 1-Farmed, 5-Wild
• Nutrient Content, Taste: Same
– EFA’s, vitamins, mineral, protein
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Price is Different
Astaxanthin: pigment or dye
Hg: all 0.03-0.10ppm (<10%FDA limit)
PCB’s: 90% from other foods
– <3.1% FDA limit
Healthy Seafood Message
• “Seafood & Health ’85: I’S, Q’s, A’s
– Med. Researchers & Health Profs, SEA
– omega-3s
• Result = Food Media embraced hearthealthy SF concept
• Seafood & Health ’05, Dec05, Wash DC
• NMFS, UNFAO, Fish Ca, Norw., Icelnd
• [email protected],
[email protected]
www.whoi.edu/sites/marineaqua
taskforce
• “Sustainable Marine Aquaculture: Fulfilling
the Promise; Managing the Risks”
• 2007
Environmental Issues
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Habitat Modification (use of space that
nature could use)
Predator Control Programs
» Seals, Sea Lions
» Birds
Aquaculture issues
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Traceability
Wholesomeness
Social responsibility
Environmental responsibility
Norwegian SF Surveillance Program
• 70 different analytical methodologies
• Fatty acids, cholesterol, proteins, amino
acids, fat soluble vitamins, minerals, trace
elements, 21 types of inorganic
compounds, 15 organic compounds, 2
radioisotopes, hormones, antibacterial
agents, heavy metals, microbiology
• Different SF products
Peter Drucker, Mngmt Guru
• “aquaculture, not e-commerce will be the
growth industry of the next 30years”
• Provided…addresses 5 challenges
– Confused consumers
– Feed issues
– Environmental & Social Concerns
– Legal restrictions
– Disease
Legal
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Leasing
Free Trade globally
Basa, shrimp tariffs, infected shrimp
Anti-dumping challenges salmon, shrimp
Aquaculture’s ‘roe to hoe’
• Historic transition from reliance on H&G in a time
of information and communication
• Expect continuing challenges regarding
practices and products
• Requires working with all stakeholders in a
responsible manner produce the wholesome
products in the best manner sustainable
• Not easy for the consumer either…responsibility
to shift through misinformation
Aquaculture
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Future Production Directions
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Selectively Bred Fish Species,
Low Fish Meal Feeds
Zero-Exchange
Value-added Processing
Intensive Production
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Disease Resistance
Aquaculture
• Future Mega-Trends –
• Offshore Production
• Ocean Ranching
– Free range cod, seabream, echo-training
• Stock Enhancement Support
• Historical Context
– Egg Release,
– Minimal Aquaculture Capability, no tagging
– Tragedy of the Commons
USDOC Oceans Action Plan
• Create framework for DOC to issue
renewable, time-specific permits for
offshore farms 4.8–322km offshore in EEZ
• To have regulatory system catch up with
the production Technology
• Stevens & Inouye are sponsors
• (Magnuson-Stevens Act guides mgmt of
capture fisheries)
Tuna Production
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Japan >30 yrs, 18 countries
>32,000 mt in 2004
N & S bluefin, bigeye, yellowfin
Towed 1-2knots, 20-700km
Fresh/frozen bait, t=3-9 mo, FCR 1.5-4:1
Market demand & price drive cycle times
Fattening opns  Full cycle opns
Stock Enhancement
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Salmon largest: 40M lbs/ yr
Stripped Bass, Sturgeon, Mollusks,
Crustaceans, haddock, cod, flounder,
Pollock, abalone, queen conch, pompano,
halibut, seabass, sole
• ExpScale: (mullet, moi, red drum)
Aquaculture
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Future Directions
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New Carnivorous Fish Species,
Low Fish Meal Feeds
Zero-Exchange,
Value-added Processing
Intensive Production
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Disease Resistance
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Improved environmental focus