Transcript Document 7166813

Evolution of
Leo and Geo
Remote Sensing Capabilities
The Bologna Lectures
Paul Menzel
NOAA/NESDIS/ORA
Comparison of geostationary (geo) and low earth orbiting (leo) satellite capabilities
Geo
Leo
observes process itself
(motion and targets of opportunity)
observes effects of process
repeat coverage in minutes
(t  30 minutes)
repeat coverage twice daily
(t = 12 hours)
full earth disk only
global coverage
best viewing of tropics
best viewing of poles
same viewing angle
varying viewing angle
differing solar illumination
same solar illumination
visible, IR imager
(1, 4 km resolution)
visible, IR imager
(1, 1 km resolution)
one visible band
multispectral in visible
(veggie index)
IR only sounder
(8 km resolution)
IR and microwave sounder
(17, 50 km resolution)
filter radiometer
filter radiometer,
interferometer,
and grating spectrometer
Continuity of Operational Satellite Programs
NOAA Satellite Launches* Scheduled to Maintain Continuity
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
GOES 8
GOES 9 (stored in orbit)
GOES 10
GOES 11
(stored in orbit)
GOES M
GOES N – Series
GOES R-Series
NOAA 12
NOAA 14
NOAA 15
NOAA 16 (pm)
NOAA M (am)
NOAA N (pm)
NOAA N’ (pm)
METOP-1, 2, 3
** European
Coordination
* Actual launch dates are determined by the failure of on-orbit assets
** Assumes METOP will provide the morning orbit and NOAA-N’ will provide
afternoon orbit instruments
NPOESS
Satellite is operational beyond design life
GOES Program Overview
• GOES satisfies National Weather Service (NWS) requirements for 24
hour observation of weather and Earth’s environment supports stormscale weather forecasting by forecasters and numerical models
• To meet requirements, GOES continuously maintains operational
satellites at two locations (75o West and 135o West), with an on-orbit
space ready in case of failure
On-Orbit Storage
Operational Spacecraft
Geostationary Satellites
• Warnings to US Public—detect,
track, and characterize
– Hurricanes
– Severe or possibly tornadic storms
– Flash flood producing weather systems
• Imagery for weather forecasting
• Winds for aviation and NWS
numerical models
• Environmental data collection
platforms
– Buoys, rain gauges, etc
GOES Products
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atmospheric Temperature and
Moisture Measurements
Water Vapor Imagery
Cloud Supplement for Automated
Surface Observations
Satellite Precipitation Estimates
Cloud Motion and Water Vapor
Winds
Fog Detection
Moisture Profiles
Volcanic Detection
Tropical Storm Bulletins
Snow and Ice Analysis
Broadcasting weather charts and
images
Fire Detection and Monitoring
GOES Satellites
Imager
GOES-I
Series
120 kg
177 W
2.62 Mbps
2105 kg
Sounder
132 kg
178 W
40 kbps
GOES-N
Series
1615 kg
SXI
IOO
23 kg
57 W
100 kbps
35 kg
150 W
100 kbps
Advanced Baseline Imager
ABI
Current
Spatial resolution
Visible (0.64 mm)
All other bands
0.5 km
2 km
Approx. 1 km
Approx. 4 km
Spatial coverage
Full disk
CONUS
4 per hour
12 per hour
Every 3 hours
~4 per hour
Yes
No
8-12 bands
5 bands
Operation during eclipse
Spectral Coverage
MODIS
Severe convection:
IR windows
25 February 2001
Images shown in GOES projection.
GOES-8
ABI
ABI spatial coverage rate versus the current GOES Imager
ABI coverage in 5 minutes
GOES coverage in 5 minutes
The expected routine schedule for ABI will be full disk images every 15
minutes plus CONUS images every 5 minutes.
Proposed ABI (8 or 12) channels
Wavelengths
Range (m)
0.59 – 0.69
Description
Primary Use
Center
0.64
Visible
Daytime clouds, fog
0.81 0.91 0.86*
Solar window
1.36 - 1.39
1.375*
Near IR
Daytime thin cirrus detection
1.58 – 1.64
1.61
Near IR
Daytime clouds/snow, water/ice clouds
3.8 – 4.0
3.9
Shortwave IR
Nighttime low clouds, fog, fire detection
5.7 – 6.6
6.15
Water Vapor 1
Upper tropospheric flow, winds
6.8 – 7.2
7.0
Water Vapor 2
Mid tropospheric flow, winds
8.3 – 8.7
8.5*
IR Window 1
Sulfuric acid aerosols, cloud phase, sfc
10.1 – 10.6
10.35*
IR Window 2
Cloud particle size, sfc properties
10.8 – 11.6
11.2
IR Window 3
Clouds, low-level water vapor, fog, winds, SST
11.8 – 12.8
12.3
IR Window 4
Low-level water vapor, volcanic ash, SST
13.0 – 13.6
13.3
Carbon Dioxide
Cloud-top parameters, heights for winds
Day clouds, NDVI, fog, aerosol, ocean studies
* proposed additional channel to baseline of eight channels.
IR channels on current GOES and proposed 12-band ABI
UW-Madison/CIMSS
Simulated ABI (from MODIS)
All images are displayed at 2 km resolution
Two visible bands, two near IR and eight IR bands (10.3 not shown)
Simulated GOES (from MODIS)
Visible (at 1 km), WV (at 8 km), and three IR windows (at 4 km)
ABS:
-1
Waveband (cm )
650 – 1200
1210 – 1740
2150 - 2720
Unapodized
spectral
-1
resolution (cm )
Number
of
bins (1532)
0.625
1.25
2.5
880
424
228
Spectral coverage of the ABS,
GIFTS, IASI and the current GOES
radiometer sounder
Spatial
Coverage
Areas within 62 degrees local zenith angle from GOES-East and GOES-West subsatellite points are indicated. Threshold coverage rate calls for the 62 arc region,
excluding half of over-lap, to be scanned each hour. Current GOES -E and -W
sounder hourly coverage is also shown.
UW-Madison/CIMSS
100
100
GOES
(18)
1000
Advanced Sounder
(3074)
1000
Moisture Weighting Functions
High spectral resolution advanced sounder will have more
and sharper weighting functions compared to current GOES
sounder. Retrievals will have better vertical resolution.
UW/CIMSS
These water vapor weighting functions reflect the radiance sensitivity of the specific channels
to a water vapor % change at a specific level (equivalent to dR/dlnq scaled by dlnp).
Moisture
Weighting
Functions
UW/CIMSS
The advanced sounder has more and sharper weighting functions
Brightness Temperature (K)
Detection of Temperature Inversions Possible with Interferometer
Texas
Spikes down Cooling with height
(No inversion)
Ontario
Spikes up Heating with height
(low-level inversion)
The detection of inversions is critical for severe weather forecasting. Combined with
improved low-level moisture depiction, critical ingredients for night-time severe storm
development over the Plains can be monitored.
UW-Madison/CIMSS
window
Atm
Cold:
Warm/moist:
Hot/dry:
Sfc Temp (K) Sfc Moisture (gm/Kg)
276
4
303
23
308
8
UW-Madison/CIMSS
Summary -- ABS
The Advanced Sounder overcomes existing instrument limitations.
Geostationary interferometer will resolve high temporal and vertical
fluctuations of moisture that are not resolved by current in-situ or
satellite measurements.
Only geostationary interferometer observes critical meteorological
parameters (temperature, moisture, clouds, winds) with necessary
temporal, spatial and vertical resolutions to support future
•
•
•
Nowcasting,
Short-range weather forecasting, and
Longer-range numerical weather prediction.
The Advanced Sounder will provide required high spectral
resolution measurements.
POES Program Overview
• To provide for a continuous flow of global environmental
information in support of NWS operational requirements
• This requires two satellites on-orbit (one in an afternoon orbit and
one in a morning orbit) to ensure continuous coverage during the
time it takes to launch and checkout a replacement satellite
2:00 P.M.
7:30 A.M.
Sun-Synchronous
Orbit Period 101 min.
Altitude 870 Km
Scan width 2700 km
Circle Earth 14 times
per day
Sun-synchronous Satellites
•
POES (sun-synchronous) satellites provide
continuous global environmental observations
in support of operational requirements for:
– Weather forecasting
– Detection of weather systems and significant
environmental events (i.e., fires, oil spills,
volcanic eruptions)
– Measurements of atmospheric ozone and space
environment
– Collection of data from surface platforms (i.e.,
buoys)
– Search and rescue
•
This requires two satellites on-orbit to ensure
for observations at least every twelve hours
from each point on the Earth
POES K-N`
2231 kg
POES Products
• Input for forecast weather models
• 3-D measurements of temperature and
humidity
• Cloud imagery
• Sea surface temperature observations
• Snow and ice cover
• Vegetation index
• Aerosol observations
• Atmospheric ozone measurements
• Fire detection and monitoring
• Volcanic ash cloud tracking
Hurricane Floyd
Fires at Los Alamos
POES (K-N`) Instruments
Instrument
Mass (Kg)
34
34
Power
(Watts)
27
23
Data Rate
(kbps)
620.0
2.9
AVHRR/3
HIRS/3
105
53/66
125
83/95
3.2
4.0
SBUV
SEM
DCS
40
17
39
14
6
27
0.3
0.2
2.6
SARSAT
44
64
2.4
AMSU-A
AMSU-B/MHS
POES (K-N`) Instruments
AVHRR
HIRS
SARR
NPP PROPOSED INSTRUMENTS
FROM IPO
VIIRS (VISIBLE INFRARED RADIOMETER SUITE)
~ 20 CHANNEL (INCLUDING .4, .5, .6, .7, .8, .9, 1.2 1.4, 1.6,
2.1, 3.7, 6.5, 8.6, 10.3, 11.0, 12.0, 13.3 UM)
12 BIT, < 1 KM RES, VIS CAL, IRW NEDT OF .1 K
CRIS (CROSS TRACK IR SOUNDER)
INTERFEROMETER COVERING SW (4.0 UM) TO LW (15.4)
1 KM (VERT), ~10 KM (HOR), AND 1 K RES
LEVERAGED FROM NASA
ATMS (ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE SOUNDER)
COVERING 23, 31, SEVERAL 50, 89, 166, AND 183 GHZ BANDS
10 KM FOV AT 183, S/N AS GOOD AS AMSU IN CRIS FOV,
118 GHZ ALSO BEING EXPLORED
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite
VIIRS
Description
Collects visible/infrared imagery and radiometric data. Data types include atmospheric,
clouds, earth radiation budget, clear-air land/water surfaces (including ocean color), and
low light visible imagery. Primary contributions for satisfying 26 EDRs.
Heritage and Risk Reduction
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors
System Definition/Risk Reduction
ITT Aerospace
Raytheon, SBRS
DMSP - Operational Linescan System
(OLS)
MOLS on F18-20
POES - Advanced Very High Resolution
Radiometer (AVHRR/3)
EOS MODerate resolution Imaging
Spectro-radiometer (MODIS)
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Cross Track Infrared Sounder
CrIS
Description
Measures Earth’s radiation to determine the vertical distribution of temperature, moisture
and pressure in the atmosphere. Primary contributions for satisfying 3 EDRs.
Heritage and Risk Reduction
UW -
Seminal design of Interferometer
Thermal Sounder (ITS)
NASA -
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)
EUMETSAT - Infrared Atmospheric Sounding
Interferometer Radiometer (IASI)
NPOESS Phase 1 Contractors System
Definition/Risk Reduction
ITT Aerospace
Raytheon, SBRS
POES -
High-resolution infrared sensor (HIRS)
POES N’-
Early validation of operational
instrument and algorithms
MIT/LL -
Prototyping of flight Michelson
Interferometer
NAST -
NPOESS Airborne Sounder Testbed
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
Proposed Joint IPO/NASA Risk Reduction Demo - Proposed
NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP)
• Joint IPO/NASA flight of selected critical imager and sounding systems
•
•
•
•
VIIRS - Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (IPO Developed)
CrIS - Cross-track IR Sounder (IPO)
ATMS - Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (NASA)
Instrument of Opportunity - GPS, CERES, …??? (NASA)
• Provides NPOESS with risk reduction
demonstration
• Provides NASA with selected EOS AM and
EOS PM continuity data
• Joint NASA/IPO study underway (GSFC
has lead) to determine feasibility and
costs
Suggested ATMS Channels
Ch
n(GHz)
BW(GHz)
Characteristic
1*
2*
3*
4
5*
6*
7*
8*
9*
10*
11*
12*
13*
14*
15*
16*
17
18*
19
20*
21
22*
23.8
31.4
50.3
51.76
52.8
53.596±.115
54.4
54.94
55.5
57.2903
57.2903 ±.217
57.2903 ±.322 ±.048
57.2903 ±.322 ±.022
57.2903 ±.322 ±.010
57.2903 ±.322 ±.004
89.0
166.31
183.31±7
183.31±4.5
183.31±3
183.31±1.8
183.31±1
0.27
0.18
0.18
0.40
0.40
0.17
0.40
0.40
0.33
0.33
0.078
0.036
0.016
0.008
0.03
6.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
split window-water vapor 100 mm
split window-water vapor 500 mm
window-surface emissivity
window-surface emissivity
surface air
4 km ~ 700 mb temp and precip
9 km ~ 400 mb temp and precip
11 km ~ 250 mb
13 km ~ 180 mb
17 km ~ 90 mb
19 km ~ 50 mb
25 km ~ 25 mb
29 km ~ 10 mb
32 km ~ 6 mb
37 km ~ 3 mb
window-precip and water vapor 150 mm
H2O 18 mm
H2O 8 mm
H2O 4.5 mm
H2O 2.5 mm
H2O 1.2 mm
H2O 0.5 mm
* In common with AMSU/HSB
Overview of IORD-I Performance Parameters: EDRs (61)
Atmos Vertical Moisture Profile *
Atmos Vertical Temp Profile *
Imagery *
Sea Surface Temperature *
Sea Surface Winds *
Soil Moisture *
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Aerosol Particle Size
Albedo (Surface)
Auroral Boundary
Auroral Imagery
Cloud Base Height (Blk 6)
Cloud Cover/Layers
Cloud Effective Particle Size
Cloud Ice Water Path [DOC]
Cloud Liquid Water
Cloud Optical Depth/Transmittance
[DOC]
Cloud Top Height
Cloud Top Pressure [DOC]
Cloud Top Temperature
Currents (Ocean)
*
key parameters
Dwn Longwave Rad (Surface) [DOC]
Electric Field
Electron Den Profiles/Ionospheric Spec
Fresh Water Ice Edge Motion
Geomagnetic Field [DoD]
Ice Surface Temperature
In-situ Ion Drift Velocity
In-situ Plasma Density [DoD]
In-situ Plasma Fluctuations [DoD]
In-situ Plasma Temperature [DoD]
Insolation [DOC]
Ionospheric Scintillation [DoD]
Land Surface Temperature
Littoral Sediment Transport [DoD] (Blk 6)
Net Heat Flux [DoD]
Net Short Wave Rad (TOA) [DOC]
Neutral Den Profiles/Neutral Atmos Spec
Normalized Difference Veg Index [DOC]
Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (Blk 6 Option)
Ocean Wave Characteristics (Blk 6 Option)
Ozone Total Column/Profile [DOC]
Precipitable Water [DOC]
Precipitation Type/Rate
Pressure (Surface/Profile) [DoD]
Rad Belt/Low Energy Solar Particles
Sea Ice Age and Edge Motion
Sea Surface Hgt/Topography (Blk 6 Option)
Snow Cover/Depth
Solar EUV Flux [DOC] (Phase A OPQ Option)
Solar Irradiance [DOC] (Phase A OPQ Option)
Solar/Galactic Cosmic Ray Part
Supra - Thermal - Auroral Particles
Surface Wind Stress
Suspended Matter
Total Auroral Energy Deposition
Total Longwave Rad (TOA) [DOC]
Total Water Content [DoD]
Turbidity (Blk 6 Option)
Upper Atmospheric Airglow [DoD]
Vegetation Index/Surface Type [DoD]
NATIONAL POLAR-ORBITING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SATELLITE SYSTEM
NPOESS
Notional Payloads to Satisfy IORD-I
NPOESS Payloads
0530
1330
0930 (METOP)
IPO Developed
Visible/IR Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)*
X
Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS)*
Conical MW Imager/Sounder (CMIS)*
X
Ozone Mapper/Profiler Suite (OMPS)
X
X (AVHRR)
X
X (IASI/HIRS)
X
X
X (GOME)
GPS Occultation Sensor (GPSOS)
X
X
X (GRAS)
Space Environmental Suite (SES)
X
X
X (SEM)
X
X (AMSU/MHS)
X
X
Leveraged
Advanced Technology MW Sounder (ATMS)*
Data Collection System (DCS)
X
Search and Rescue (SARSAT)
X
Earth Radiation Budget Sensor (CERES)
Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)
X
X
X
Radar altimeter (ALT)
* Critical payload - Failure constitutes need to replace satellite
X
NPOESS Products
(NPOESS IORD Environmental Data Records by Discipline)
Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile
Atmospheric Vertical Temp Profile
Imagery
Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Surface Winds
Soil Moisture
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Aerosol Particle Size
Albedo (Surface)
Auroral Boundary
Auroral Imagery
Cloud Base Height
Cloud Cover/Layers
Cloud Effective Particle Size
Cloud Ice Water Path
Cloud Liquid Water
Cloud Optical Depth/Transmittance
Cloud Top Height
Cloud Top Pressure
Cloud Top Temperature
Currents (Ocean)
Atmospheric
Downward Longwave Radiance (Sfc)
Electric Fields
Electron Density Profile
Fresh Water Ice
Geomagnetic Field
Ice Surface Temperature
Energetic Ions
In-situ Plasma Fluctuations
In-situ Plasma Temperature
Insolation
Medium Energy Charged Particles
Ionospheric Scintillation
Land Surface Temperature
Littoral Sediment Transport
Net Heat Flux
Net Short Wave Radiance (TOA)
Neutral Density Profile
Neutral Winds
Ozone - Total Column/Profile
Precipitable Water
Precipitation Type/Rate
Pressure (Surface/Profile)
Sea Ice Age and Edge Motion
Sea Surface Height/Topography
Snow Cover/Depth
Solar Irradiance
Supra-Thermal - Auroral Particles
Surface Wind Stress
Suspended Matter
Total Auroral Energy Deposition
Total Longwave Radiance (TOA)
Total Water Content
Turbidity
Vegetation Index/Surface Type
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
Ocean Color/Chlorophyll
Ocean Wave Characteristics
Oceanic
Terrestrial
Space
Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with Key Performance Parameters
Climate
NPOESS Products
(NPOESS IORD Environmental Data Records by Instrument)
Atmospheric Vertical Moisture Profile
Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile
Imagery
Sea Surface Temperature
Sea Surface Winds
Soil Moisture
Aerosol Optical Thickness
Aerosol Particle Size
Albedo (Surface)
Auroral Boundary
Auroral Imagery
Cloud Base Height
Cloud Cover/Layers
Cloud Effective Particle Size
Cloud Ice Water Path
Cloud Liquid Water
Cloud Optical Depth/Transmittance
Cloud Top Height
Cloud Top Pressure
Cloud Top Temperature
Currents (Ocean)
VIIRS
CMIS
CrIS/ATMS
Downward Longwave Radiance (Sfc)
Electric Fields
Electron Density Profile
Energetic Ions
Fresh Water Ice
Geomagnetic Field
Ice Surface Temperature
In-situ Plasma Fluctuations
In-situ Plasma Temperature
Insolation
Ionospheric Scintillation
Medium Energy Charged Particles
Land Surface Temperature
Littoral Sediment Transport
Mass Loading / Turbidity
Net Heat Flux
Net Short Wave Radiance (TOA)
Neutral Density Profile
Neutral Winds
Ocean Color/Chlorophyll
Ocean Wave Characteristics
OMPS
SES
GPSOS
ERBS
Environmental Data Records (EDRs) with Key Performance Parameters
Ozone - Total Column/Profile
Precipitable Water
Precipitation Type/Rate
Pressure (Surface/Profile)
Sea Ice Age and Ice Edge Motion
Sea Surface Height/Topography
Snow Cover/Depth
Solar Irradiance
Supra-Thermal - Auroral Particles
Surface Type
Fires
Surface Wind Stress
Suspended Matter
Total Auroral Energy Deposition
Total Longwave Radiance (TOA)
Total Water Content
Vegetation Index (NDVI)
TSIS
ALT
NPOESS Instruments
US 0530
US 0930
US 1330
VIIRS
CMIS
VIIRS
CMIS
VIIRS
CMIS
CrIS
ATMS
OMPS
GPSOS
SESS
CERES
GPSOS
SESS
EUM 0930
IASI
AMSU/MHS
GOME
GRAS
SEM
TSIS
ALT
DCS
SARSAT
DCS
SARSAT
ASCAT
DCS
SARSAT
NPOESS Instruments in
Development/Production Phase
176 kg
170 W
10.5 Mbps
Visible/IR Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)
(Artist Conception)
SBRS
45 kg
45 W
180 kbps
Ozone Mapping & Profiler Suite
(Artist Conception)
Ball
87 kg
91 W
1.8 Mbps
Cross-track IR Sounder (CrIS)
(Engineering Development Unit)
ITT
66 kg
85 W
30 kbps
Advanced Technology MW Sounder (ATMS)
(GSFC Notional Design)
Aerojet
Polar Satellite Transition Schedule
(9 March 2001)
Slopes indicate 10-90% need (NPOESS GAP 5b)
Projected End of Life based on 50% Need
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
CY
99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
0530
DMSP
F18
F16
F20
NPOESS
C3
WindSat/Coriolis
0730
- 1030
F15
DMSP
POES
F17
F19
C1 or C2
NPOESS
NPOESS
METOP
M
EOS-Terra
NPP
1330
POES
L (16)
N’
N
C2 or C1
NPOESS
Earliest Need to back-up launch
EOS-Aqua
Mission
Satisfaction
S/C
Deliveries
S/C delivery interval driven by 15 month IAT schedule
Earliest Availability
Long Range Integrated Satellite Transition
99
CY
Local Equatorial Crossing Time
POLAR
0530
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
NPOESS
DMSP
WindSat
07301030
NPOESS
DMSP
METOP
POES
Terra
NPP
C2 orNPOESS
C1
POES
1330
Aqua
GEO
GOES
GOES
GIFTS
GOES – R Series
GOES – R Series
GIFTS/IOMI
17
18
19
20
21