Infection Control, Vital Signs, Oxygen & Medical Emergencies

RTEC A Week 13 Warning: blood and guts to follow !

Infection Control

• • • • • •

Microorganisms Infectious Disease Chain of Infection Nosocomial Infection Disease Control Environment

Microorganisms that cause disease



Bacteria



Can grow in or on an animal or plant and cause diseases.



Viruses



Fungi



Protozoa



Host: animal or plant that provides life support to another organism.

Microorganisms



Disease: Any change from the normal structure or function in the human body.



Infection: Growth of a microorganism on or in a host.

Disease

•

Disease occurs only when the microorganism causes injury to the host

Pathogen



A disease producing microorganism.



Multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction



Cause tissue damage



Secrete substance that produce effects in the body



Exotoxins ( high body temp, nausea, vomiting)

Bacteria



Strep Throat



Bacterial Pneumonia



Food Poisoning

Protozoan

•

Trichomonas Vaginalis

•

Plasmodium Vivax

–

Malaria

•

Common cold

Viruses

•

Mononucleosis

•

Warts

•

Athlete’s Foot

–

Tinea pedis

Fungi

•

Ringworm

6 Steps of Infection



Encounter



Multiplication



Entry



Spread



Damage



Outcome

Chain of Infection



Host



Infectious Microorganism



Mode of Transmission



Vector/ Fomite



Reservoir

Nosocomial Infections



Infections originating in the hospital; an infection not present before admittance to the hospital.

Nosocomial Infections

    

Iatrogenic Infection Compromised Patients Patient Flora Hospital Environment Bloodborne Pathogens

Types of Nosocomial Infections

    

Iatrogenic Infection – related to physician activities Compromised Patients - weakened resistance; immunosuppressed Patient Flora - microbes in healthy people Contaminated Hospital Environment Bloodborne Pathogens – Hepatitis B and HIV

Third Degree Burn

Bloodborne Pathogens

• Disease-causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood. Ex: Hepatitis, Syphilis, Malaria, HIV.

• Two most significant bloodborne pathogens: Hepatitis B and HIV

How Bloodborne Pathogens are Transmitted:

• You must make contact with contaminated fluids and permit them a way to enter your body.

• Contaminated body fluids can be saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, or other fluids containing blood (urine).

Universal Precautions

 Since there is no way you can know if a person is infected, you should ALWAYS use universal precautions:  Wash your hands  Wear gloves  Handle sharp objects carefully  Properly clean all spills  Wear mask, eye protection, and apron if splashing is a possibility.

Airborne Precautions

 Patients infected with pathogens that remain suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust.

 TB, Chickenpox, Measles  Respiratory protection must be worn when entering pt room.

 Pt should wear mask.

Droplet Precautions

 Patients infected with pathogens that disseminate through large particulate droplets expelled from coughing, sneezing, or even talking.

 Rubella, Mumps, Influenza  Surgical mask must be worn when within 3 feet of the pt.

 Pt should wear a mask.

Contact Precautions

 Patients infected with pathogens that spread by direct contact with the pt or by indirect contact with a contaminated object (bedrail, pt dressing).

 Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Hepatitis A, Varicella, Flesh-eating Virus  All PPE should be used and equipment must be disinfected after use.

Controlling the spread of Disease • •

Chemotherapy Immunization

•

Asepsis

–

Medical

–

Surgical

•

Disinfectants

Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases

• •

Handwashing Standard Precautions

–

Gloving

–

Gowns

–

Face masks

–

Eyewear

Handwashing

 Single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.

 7 to 8 minutes of washing to remove the microbes present, depending on the number present.

 Most effective portion of handwashing is the mechanical action of rubbing the hands together.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 Gloves  Masks  Gowns  Protective Eyewear  Caps

So What, and Who Cares?

 Students and Techs are challenged both physically and mentally by the microbial world. In this world of newly found, life threatening diseases, education has become the key to survival. Health care providers must be committed to infection control so that diseases can be conquered!

Syphilis in the eye

Review

       

Microorganisms Disease Pathogen Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoan 6 Steps of Infection

      

Chain of Infection Nosocomial Infection Controlling Disease Physical Methods of Controlling Diseases Handwashing Standard Precautions Universal Precautions

Questions?

• Infection Control

Vital Signs 

Vital Signs



Oxygen Therapy



Oxygen Devices



Chest Tubes and Lines

Vital Signs 

Indication of Homeostasis



Primary Mechanisms



Heart beat



Blood pressure



Body temperature



Respiratory rate



Electrolyte balance



Physical assessment include measurement of vital signs



Body Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure Mental Status

Body Temperature 

Normal average body temperature: 98.6 F Humans can survive between 106 F and 93.2 F.



Hypothermia



Hyperthermia



Measuring Body Temperature



Oral



Rectal



Axillary



Tympanic

Pulse 

Pulse rate: Adult = 60 to 100 beats per minute



Children under 10 = 70 to 120 beats per minute



Tachycardia



Bradycardia

Respiratory Rate 

Breaths per minute: Adult = 12 to 20



Children under 10 = 20 to 30 per min



Tachypnea



Bradypena



Dyspnea



Apnea

Pulse Oximeter

•

Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%

Blood Pressure

• Blood Pressure • Systolic pressure = 95-140 mmHg • Diastolic pressure = 60-90 mmHg • Hypertension • Hypotension

Oxygen 

Oxygen constitutes 21% of atmospheric gases



If O2 levels in the body drop below 21% homeostasis is altered.



Hypoxia: Inadequate amount of oxygen at the cellular level.

Oxygen Devices 

Nasal Cannula



Masks



Nonrebreathing mask



Aerosol mask



Air-entrainment mask Tent and Oxyhood

Chest Tubes and Lines

• •

Endotracheal Tube (ET)

–

Ventilator Chest Tubes

•

Nasogastric tube (NG)

•

Central Lines

Review       

Vital Signs Homeostasis Body Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure Mental Status

     

Electrolyte balance Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Oxygen Devices Chest Tubes Chest Lines

Winston Churchill



"The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." Winston Churchill

• Vital Signs

Questions?

Medical Emergencies

TRAUMA = X-RAY IS READY

You never know what or who you will come in next……….

SPINAL INJURY PT

Dislocation of the C3 and C4 articular processes Note that C7 is not well demonstrated

Some studies of spinal trauma have recorded a missed injury rate as high as 33%.

GSW to the Abdomen

 

Compound Fx of Femur

Medical Emergencies

• Definitions • What should the RT know?

• Common Radiology Emergencies

Medical Emergencies  Definition: Sudden change in medical status requiring immediate action.

 For RT’s medical emergencies are rare, however as medical personnel we must be prepared to recognize emergencies.

Fractured Forearm

What an RT should know…..

 How to…..

 Avoid additional harm to the patient  Obtain appropriate medical assistance quickly  Recognize emergency situations  Remain calm and confident

Anaphylactic Reaction  An immune response to foreign material  Bronchospasm – wheezing and edema in the throat and lungs  Can lead to shock  Requires prompt recognition and treatment from the technologist Why do RT’s care about Anaphylactic RXN’s….?

Water Soluble

Iodine

• High atomic # 53 • Radiopaque • Used to radiograph – Vessels – Arteries – Veins – Function of internal organs

Iodine Contrast Material

• Ionic Iodine Contrast – Anion – Cation + – More patient allergic reactions • Non-Ionic Contrast – Less patient allergic reactions

Radiology Department  Patients are usually sent to the radiology department only after they have been stabilized.

 However……

General Priorities  Ensure an open airway  Control Bleeding  Take Measures to Prevent shock  Attend to wounds or fractures appropriately  Provide emotional support  Continually reevaluate and follow up

• A = Air Way ABC • B = Breathing • C = Circulation

• C = Cardio • P = Pulmonary

CPR

• Must be certified for the “Health Care Provider” • R = Respiration • Cards good for 2 years are available.

Become familiar with………..

• In your work environment: – Emergency assistance protocol (how to get help) – Emergency Cart/Crash Cart Location

Important Conditions to be Aware of……  Level of Consciousness: ALOC  Altered Level Of Consciousness  Anaphylactic Shock: vasogenic shock  Hypoglycemic/Hyperglycemia  NPO – Nothing by Mouth

Medical Terms to Know…..

 Pallor = paleness; absence of skin coloration  Shock = failure of the circulatory system  CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation  For program must be for Health Care Provider

Continued……………  Stroke = Cerebrovascular Accident (brain)  Heart Attack = Myocardial Infarct (heart)  N/V = Nausea & Vomiting  Epistaxis = nosebleed  Vertigo = dizziness  Syncope = fainting

And more……  Hemorrhage = bleeding outside a vessel

Radiologic Technology

• You never know when a medical emergency may occur.

• Helping your patients depends on your abilities to stay calm and perform you duties!

Questions?

• Infection Control • Vital Signs • Medical Emergencies