Transcript The Enjoyment of Music 10 Shorter Edition th , Shorter Edition

The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
PART ONE
The Materials of Music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit I The Elements of Music
Tempo
Conjunct motion
Meter
Melody
Dynamics
Harmony
Homophonic
Texture
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Prelude: Listening to Music Today
• Typical places
and ways of
listening to
music
• Understanding
music requires
active listening
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Some Practical Suggestions
• Practice
• Listening Guides and the Resource CD
• Knowledge of musical notation is not
necessary
• Hear music in a live performance!
• Glossary (Appendix II)
• Listening activities with the Resource CD
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Attending Concerts
• Recordings vs. live concerts
• Art music vs. popular music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
To find a concert, check listings:
• For on-campus concerts (Music Department)
• In local and college newspapers
• On Web sites of concert calendars
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
1. Melody: Musical Line
“It is the melody which is
the charm of music, and it
is that which is most
difficult to produce. The
invention of a fine melody
is a work of genius.”
- Haydn
Joseph Haydn
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Defining Melody
Melody:
a coherent succession of single pitches
Billings: “Chester”
Bach: “The Well-Tempered Clavier”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Note: musical symbol for sound
Half note
Quarter note
Eighth note
Half note
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Characteristics of Melody:Range
“America”
“Greensleeves”
Strauss: Don Juan
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Characteristics of Melody: Contour
Strauss: Don Juan
Mozart: Piano Concerto
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Characteristics of Melody
Conjunct Movement:
A smooth, connected melody that
moves principally by small intervals.
Beethoven: String Quartet No. 1
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Characteristics of Melody
Disjunct movement:
A disjointed or disconnected
melody with many leaps.
Brahms: Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Structure of Melody
Phrase:
A unit of meaning within a larger
structure, like a musical sentence.
Cadence:
A resting place in a musical phrase.
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Structure of Melody
Rhyme Scheme:
Poetic phrases and musical phrases
generally align.
Billings: “Chester”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Structure of Melody
Countermelody:
An added melody sounding
against another melody.
Prokofiev: Violin Concerto
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
2. Rhythm: Musical Time
Rhythm: Length, or duration of individual
notes.
Beat: Regular pulsation.
Accent: Beats that are stronger.
Beethoven: “Turkish March” (duple)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
2. Rhythm: Simple Meter
Duple Meter
Bar line
Measure
Triple Meter
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
2. Rhythm: Meter
Sousa: “Stars and Stripes Forever”
Duple Meter
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Triple Meter
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons, “Autumn”
Quadruple Meter
(Common Time)
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time
Metrical Patterns: Simple recurring patterns,
typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure.
Downbeats
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
9/8
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time: Compound Meter
6/8
Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue
9/8
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
12/8
Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicilienne”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time
Syncopation: Deliberate disruption of pattern;
accent shifted to a weak beat or offbeat.
Borodin: Prince Igor, “Polovetsian Dances”
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time
Polyrhythm: Simultaneous use of different
rhythmic patterns.
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance…”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time
Additive Meter: Irregular grouping of
beats in a larger pattern.
Shankar: Bhimpalasi
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Time
Nonmetric: Music without a strong
sense of beat or meter.
Gregorian chant: “Alleluia, emitte spiritum”
Gregorian chant: “Venite, exsultemus domino”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
3. Harmony: Musical Space
Vertical aspect of music
Chord
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
3. Harmony: Musical Space
Scale: A collection of pitches arranged in
ascending or descending order.
Octave
(descending)
Do ti la sol fa mi re do
8
7 6
5
4 3 2
1
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Function of Harmony
Triad: three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1-3-5
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Organization of Harmony
• Tonic or keynote:
First note of scale (do) is “home base”
• Tonality
Major tonality
Minor tonality
• Diatonic harmony
• Chromatic harmony
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Organization of Harmony:Tonality
Major Tonality
Haydn: Symphony No. 94, III
Minor Tonality
Chopin: Mazurka
Quiz
Chopin: Prelude
Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4, I
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo
Haydn: Symphony No. 45, I
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Organization of Harmony
Diatonic Harmony
Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, I
Chromatic Harmony
Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue
Quiz:
“Joy to the World”
Wagner: Tristan und Isolde
Haydn: Trumpet Concerto, III
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Consonance and Dissonance
Dissonance:
Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…”
Consonance:
Mendelssohn: Midsummer Night’s Dream, Nocturne
Drone: Shankar: Bhimpalasi
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Monophony: Single-line texture, or
melody without accompaniment.
Gregorian chant: Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte…”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
4. Musical Texture:Types of Texture
Heterophony: Texture in which two or
more voices (or parts) elaborate the
same melody simultaneously, often
the result of improvisation.
African traditional, Gabon: “Porter’s Song”
African traditional: “Herding Song”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Polyphony: Two or more melodic lines
combined into a multivoiced texture.
• Nonimitative Polyphony (simultaneous melodies)
Rimsky-Korsakov: “Capriccio espagnol, Fandano asturiano”
Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring
• Imitative Polyphony
Marenzio: “La bella ninfa mia”
Handel: Concerto Grosso in G
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
Homophony: Texture with principal
melody and accompanying harmony.
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
4. Musical Texture: Types of Texture
QUIZ:
Monophony - Homophony –Polyphony
American traditional: “America”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III
Billings: “Chester”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Contrapuntal Devices
• Imitation
– Canon
• Round
– Ex.: “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
5. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Chopin: Prelude in E
Mozart: Piano Concerto, II
Beethoven: String Quartet in F
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
5. Musical Form:
Structure and Design in Music
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 5
Shankar: Bhimpalasi
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Two-Part and Three-Part Form
Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV
British traditional: “Greensleeves”
Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Building Blocks of Form
Theme: A melodic idea used as a
building block in music.
Thematic development
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Thematic transformation
(Berlioz: Symphony fantastique)
Mvt. I
Mvt. III
Mvt. II
Mvt. V
Mvt. IV
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Building Blocks of Form: Theme
Sequence
Handel: Concerto Grosso, II
Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar
Motive
Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Building Blocks of Form
Call and response, or responsorial
African traditional: “Porter’s Song”
Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass
Ostinato
Couperin: “Les barricades misterieuses”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
6. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics, The Pace of Music
Mozart: Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture
Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim”
Bach, C.P.E., Trio Sonata, I
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
6. Musical Expression: Tempo and
Dynamics, The Pace of Music
Glière: “Russian Sailor’s Dance”
Smetana: The Moldau
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Loudness and Softness: Dynamics
Strauss: Don Juan
Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III
Fauré: Pelleas et Melisande, “Sicileinne”
Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Moving from One Dynamic to Another
Liszt: Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2
Smetana: The Moldau
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Expression:
Shaping the Expressive Content of Music
• Metronome
• Interpretation
Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu (rubato)
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Unit II
Musical Instruments and Ensembles
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th
Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
7. Voices and Musical Instruments I:
• Musical timbre
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Voice as a Model
for Instrumental Sound
Soprano
Mezzo Soprano
Schumann: Die Soldatenbraut
Bizet: Carmen, “Habanera”
Alto
Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest”
Tenor
Verdi: Rigoletto, “La donna è mobile”
Baritone
Rossini: The Barber of Seville
Bass
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The World of Musical Instruments:
Sachs-Hornbostel System
•
•
•
•
Aerophones
Chordophones
Idiophones
Membranophones
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
8. Musical Instruments II
Western Families
• String Instruments (chordophones)
Bowed and plucked
Bowed (rosin)
Violin [video]
Viola [video]
Violoncello (Cello) [video]
Double bass [video]
• “Heart of the Orchestra”
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Special Effects of the Bowed String Family
Legato
Staccato
Pizzicato
Vibrato
Glissando
Tremolo
Trill
Double-stopping
Triple- or quadruplestopping
Harmonics
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Plucked String Instruments
• Harp [video]
Pedals
Arpeggio
• Guitar [video]
Fretted fingerboard
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Woodwind Instruments (Aerophones)
• Played by blowing air into a mouth hole, or
mouthpiece fitted with single or double reeds
• Holes in the body of the instrument
Flute [video]
Piccolo [video]
Oboe [video]
English horn [video]
Clarinet [video]
Bass clarinet [video]
Bassoon [video]
Contrabassoon [video]
Saxophone
Tenor [video]
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Brass Instruments (Aerophones)
• All have metal mouthpiece attached to metal
tubing that flares at the end into a bell
– Mute
• Valves, keys, slides in tubing
• Lips “buzz” and act as double reed
– Embouchure
Trumpet [video]
French horn [video]
Trombone [video]
Tuba [video]
Cornet,bugle [video]
fluegelhorn, [video]
euphonium, [video]
sousaphone
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Percussion Instruments
(Idiophones and Membranophones)
Timpani or
kettledrums [video]
Xylophone [video]
Marimba [video]
Vibraphone
Glockenspiel [video]
Celesta
Chimes or tubular
bells
[video]
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Percussion: Indefinite pitch
•
•
•
•
Snare drum or side drum [video]
Tenor drum
Bass drum [video]
Tom-tom, tambourine [video], castanets [video],
triangle [video], cymbals [video], gong
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Other Instruments
•
•
•
•
Piano (pianoforte) [video]
Electric piano
Organ [video]
Harpsichord [video]
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
9. Musical Ensembles
•
Choral Groups
– A cappella singing
– Chorus = large group
– Choir = smaller group
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
9. Musical Ensembles
•
Instrumental Chamber Ensembles
– String quartet
– Duo sonata
– Trio, quartet, quintet, etc.
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Orchestra:
• Western Symphony Orchestra
–
–
–
–
Strings
Woodwinds
Brass
Percussion
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Bands
Wind, Marching, Rock, Jazz
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Role of the Conductor
•
•
•
•
Leader of large ensembles
Time and tempo
Baton
Interpret
• The concertmaster
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
The Orchestra in Action
Benjamin Britten: The Young Person’s
Guide to the Orchestra (Listening Guide)
• Subtitled Variations and Fugue on a
Theme of Purcell
– Theme and 13 short variations
– Fugue based on a fragment of the Purcell
theme
Listening Guide PDF
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
10. Style and Function of Music in Society
• Sacred music
• Secular music
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
Musical Styles in History
Style
Genre
Medium
Historical periods
Medieval Era
Renaissance Era
Baroque Era
Classical Era
Romantic Era
Twentieth Century
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition
www.wwnorton.com/enjoy
The Enjoyment of Music 10th, Shorter Edition