Transcript Stephen Haywood Head of PPD Division A & ATLAS-RAL

Stephen Haywood
Head of PPD Division A & ATLAS-RAL
(Apologies from Norman McCubbin)
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PPD
(Particle Physics Department)
is located at
RAL
(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
which is run by
STFC
(Science & Technology Facilities Council)
PPD’s Mission
Studying the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions by
designing, building and executing world-leading experiments, in partnership
with the UK particle physics community, at accelerator laboratories and
elsewhere; by analysing and interpreting results from these experiments.
Performing world-leading research and development in areas closely
related to the UK particle physics programme.
Ensuring the efficient use through effective management of the
resources allocated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council on
behalf of the UK particle physics community.
Supporting the UK particle physics community through close collaboration,
and through the provision of facilities and technical expertise within the
STFC Rutherford Appleton and Daresbury Laboratories.
Promoting public understanding, education and training in the field of
science.
Particle Physics Department
 ~100 people in Particle Physics Department (PPD), ~70 have PhDs
 Like a large university PP department, but no undergraduate teaching
(though a few do some), and a relatively small number of PhD students
 ‘Interface’ for the whole PP UK community to specialist skills in other
RAL/STFC departments:
 Technology: electronics, mechanical engineering;
 Access to facilities: Clean rooms, metrology
 Computing: the UK Tier-1 is here, and we are part of the South Grid Tier-2
consortium;
 Accelerator R&D: ASTEC, which works closely with the Cockcroft and
Adams Institutes;
 Project management and administration: e.g. financial tendering
 Provides a significant support role for UK Particle Physics
 Annual HEP Summer School for all UK students
 Management and reporting of budgets
 Travel processing, booking and reimbursement, LTA support
 Provide UK liaison offices for users working at major overseas labs
(CERN, FNAL)
Norman McCubbin
Programme Support Team
Division A
Stephen Haywood
Division B
Claire Shepherd
Division C
ATLAS
Spider
T2K & Minos
EDM
Zeplin & Boulby
CMS
LHCb
Hera
BaBa
Grid
Computing Support
Accelerators
NExT
Some big questions
 The Standard Model, which works so well at lower energies, falls apart
above a few TeV
 Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or forces?
ATLAS
Mr. Higgs ?
CMS
Pushing the Energy Frontier
Some big questions
 The Standard Model, which works so well at lower energies, falls apart
above a few TeV
 Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or forces?
 What is the cosmic dark matter?
 Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at colliders?
Zeplin @ Boulby
Some big questions
 The Standard Model, which works so well at lower energies, falls apart
above a few TeV
 Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or forces?
 What is the cosmic dark matter?
 Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at colliders?
 What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe?
 See effects in quark decays?
LHCb & BaBar
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment
goal
A permanent neutron EDM would imply
Parity and Time Reversal
Violation.
Indirect test of matter-antimatter
asymmetry.
Some big questions
 The Standard Model, which works so well at lower energies, falls apart
above a few TeV
 Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or forces?
 What is the cosmic dark matter?
 Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at colliders?
 What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe?
 See effects in quark decays?
 Neutrinos?
Minos & T2K
Room to dream!
Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus
RAL
neutrons
muons
photons
Diamond
ISIS
Technology:
Engineering &
Instrumentation
Lasers
E-Science
Particle
Physics
Space
Science
photons
ISIS
Clean energy and the environment
Pharmaceuticals and health care
Nanotechnology
Materials engineering
IT.
Diamond
Structural biology
Fundamental physics
Chemistry
Cultural heritage
3 GeV
Synchrotrons:
Following the
crystallisation of pure
cocoa butter in real
time – the results
showed the optimum
conditions for
chocolate
manufacture.
Lasers
Inertial fusion energy
X-ray laser development
Laboratory astrophysics
Vulcan
Space Science
Earth
Solar System
Galaxy
Cosmos
STFC
RAL
Daresbury
ATC
Chilbolton
STFC
RAL
Daresbury
ATC
Chilbolton
W. G. SCOTT
RAL/PPD
21 Oct 2009
PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE
We are encouraged to spend 1% of our research grant funding on
“outreach” activities, promoting understanding, appreciation and
awareness of our science to the general public:
Targeting 11-16 yr olds in schools etc. can help attract more young people
into a scientific career. (e.g. RAL MasterClass 17-19 Mar 2010).
Helps produce highly qualified researchers with advanced skills needed by
academia, industry and commerce.
Helps ensure that the UKs front line contribution in this science is
recognised by opinion formers, decision-takers/politicians.
Taxpayers can have an appreciation and awareness of the research being
funded on their behalf.
THE STANDARD MODEL:
fermion
kinetic term
yukawa
term
(schematic)
higgs
kinetic term
L  Tr F 2      y  |  |2
2
2
4
gauge
-  |  |  |  |
“kinetic” term
V ( ) “higgs potential”
where:
F  [  ,  ]
      igA
field-strength tensor
“covariant derivative”
vector potential
THE HIGGS FIELD:
0
   
 v
v2
1 4
1 2
F
G
 250 GeV
quarks
leptons
W,Z etc.
gives masses to the pointlike particles :
L
m  y v
R
m  y v
refraction?.
L
…but not to the neutron/proton!
PROTON
NEUTRON
u=“UP” (+2/3)
d=“DOWN” (-1/3)
QUARKS
PARTICLE PHYSICS
http://www.net.rl.ac.uk/ramfiles/ppd2001-01.ram
electrons (-)
THE ATOM
NUCLEUS
proton
(+)
neutron
PROTON
NEUTRON
u=“UP” (+2/3)
d=“DOWN” (-1/3)
QUARKS
ELECTRICAL FORCES
e-
QUANTUM
FIELD
THEORY
e-
Photon
QED
e-
e-
γ
e-
e-
QED
d
e-
γ
d
e-
QUARK FRAGMENTATION
Formation of a “Jet”
Quark
Antiquark
“CHROMOSTATICS”
“CHROMOSTATICS”
THE “COLOUR” FORCE
QCD
quarks
3 colours
gluons
8 colours
THE WEAK FORCE
Beta Decay
n
p
Antineutrino
Electron
BETA DECAY
(at the quark level)
d
u
Antineutrino
Electron
WEAK INTERACTION
u
e-
W+
d
e
THE WEAK FORCE
W+
u
Due to W-boson exchange
e-
MW  80 GeV
NEUTRAL CURRENTS (1973)

NEUTRAL CURRENT INTERACTION
e


Z

e
0

MZ  91 GeV
THE “FORCE” PARTICLES
g1
g2
g3
g4
W-
g5
Z0
γ
g6
W+
g7
( VECTOR
BoOSONS )
g8
CERN
THE “MATTER” PARTICLES
Q
( FERMIONS )
 3
 2
e 1
b t
s c
d u
-1
-1/3 +2/3
0
THE DISCOVERY OF TOP
(Fermilab USA 1994)
top ≈ 180 GeV
W-PAIR PRODUCTION
w-
w+
TRIPLE-GAUGE
BOSON VERTEX
z0
e-
e+
GAUGE THEORIES
“FLUX”
MATTER PARTICLES
(Fermions)
1+1=0
(Pauli exclusion principle)
FORCE PARTICLES
(Bosons)
1+1=4
(Stimulated emission, lasers etc)
SUSY!
PLANCK
19
SCALE 10 GeV
INVERSE COUPLING
GRAND UNIFICATION:
GUT 16
SCALE 10 GeV
ENERGY GeV
INTERACTION WITH THE HIGGS FIELD
L
L
vc
tL
tR
tL
vc
gives masses to the “point-like” particles, quarks, leptons, W, Z etc.
PROF HIGGS
UNIV EDINBURGH
HIGGS AT LEP
ee Z H
Z  qq
H  bb
mH  114 GeV
HIGGS AT THE LHC
THE NEUTRINO
V
A VERY FRIENDLY PARTICLE
ATMOSPHERIC
NEUTRINOS
SUPER-KAMIOKANDE
MINOS
CHICAGO 
MINESSOTA (750 Km)
Solar Data
CP-VIOLATION
THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
ELECTROMAGNETIC
GRAVITY
UNIFIED
FORCE?
STRONG
WEAK