How the parts of speech work together: making the pieces fit.

Let’s take a closer look at the puzzle parts…

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Nouns

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Pronouns

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Adjectives

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Verbs

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Adverbs

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Prepositions

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Conjunctions

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Interjections

Nouns

 Definition: A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Types: common and proper (general vs. specific) singular and plural (names one vs. more than one) collective (names a group of items regarded as one unit) abstract and concrete (not perceptible by the senses vs. perceptible) compound possessive (two or more nouns treated as one word) ( shows ownership or belonging)

Examples

   common and proper  man vs. Juanes singular and plural  award vs. awards  knife vs. knives collective  Tribe  committee    abstract and concrete  Jealousy vs. fire  Freedom vs. hand compound  Bookcase, ice cream, great-grandmother possessive  Lil Wayne’s new song, “Wheezy Baby”

Nouns

Pronouns

 Definition: a pronoun is used in place of a noun or another pronoun. The word that a pronoun replaces is called its antecedent.

 Jasmine is celebrating her birthday. She is 17.

antecedent pronouns

Types of Pronouns

Personal: Personal Pronouns

Nominative Objective Possessive First person

(speaker) I; we

Second person

(spoken to) you me; us You

Third person

(spoken about) He, she, it; they Him, her, it; them my, mine; our, ours Your, yours His, her, hers, its; their, theirs

Personal Pronouns in action

Example: I think you should be nicer to him .

Speaker Spoken to Spoken about

Types of Pronouns

Possessive: Possessive pronouns shows ownership or belonging.

Some are used to replace possessive nouns.

They are: mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs Examples: That ice-cream is mine . -or The ice-cream is ours .

Other possessive pronouns are used as adjectives to modify nouns. They are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

Examples: That is my paper. -or That is his backpack.

Types of Pronouns

Reflexive and Intensive: Both reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by adding –self or –selves to a personal pronoun. Although they look identical, they are used in different ways. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns First person Myself; ourselves Second person Yourself; yourselves Third person Himself, herself, itself; themselves

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns in Action

Reflexive pronouns reflect an action back onto the preceding noun or pronoun.

Mrs. Walter helped herself to seconds of every buffet item.

In this sentence, the reflexive pronoun, herself, reflects the action back on the preceding noun, Mrs. Walter.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns in Action

Intensive Pronouns add emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence.

No one asked Jose himself if he had enjoyed the movie.

The intensive pronoun, himself , is adding emphasis the noun, Jose .

Hot tip: Is it reflexive or intensive? If you can take it out without changing the meaning of the sentence, then it’s intensive.

Types of Pronouns

Interrogative: Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question.

They are: who, whom, which, what, whose Whose What Gucci bag is that?

should we do this weekend? To whom did she say that?

Types of Pronouns

Demonstrative: These pronouns point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. This and these point out persons or things That more and those near in space and time point out persons or places distant in space or time .

.

Types of Pronouns

Relative: A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause.

They are: who, whom, which, whose, that Look familiar? They are identical to interrogative pronouns, but they are used to provide the information, not to introduce a question. As interrogative--Who discovered Troy?

As relative--Schliemann was the archaeologist who discovered Troy.

Types of Pronouns

Indefinite: An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person or thing.

Someone left the phone off the hook.

The snowstorm closed most the schools.

of Common Indefinite Pronouns Singular Plural Another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, somebody, something Both, few, many, several Singular or Plural All, any, more, most, none, some

Meet Rufus Xavier Sarsaparilla

Verbs

A verb is a word used to express an action, condition, or a state of being. The two main categories of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs.

An action verb express and action. That action may be physical or mental. Physical actions : wince, create, gallop, steal, chew Mental actions : visualize, believe, recall, desire, know

Action Verbs

Action verbs may be transitive or intransitive . Transitive verbs transfer the action direct object.

from the subject toward a A group of volunteers painted a mural on the wall at the children’s hospital. Intransitive verbs transfer no action so they do not have objects. I waited patiently.

Linking Verbs

A linking verb connects the subject with a word or words that identify or describe the subject. It can connect the subject with a noun, the predicate nominative.

Judge Joyce is also a professor of law. A linking verb can also connect the subject to a pronoun or an adjective in the predicate.

Michelle felt ill after the barbecue.

The decision remains his, and his alone.

Common linking verbs

Forms of be Other common linking verbs Am, is, are, was were, being, be, can be, may be, might, be, would be, could be, must be, been, has been, have been, had, been, shall have been, could have been, would have been, will have been Appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn Forms of be are always linking verbs when used as the main verb.

Other verbs can be used as linking verbs. You can test if it’s a linking verb by doing the following; if you can replace the verb with a form of be and the sentence still makes sense it’s a linking verb. Test it! It

sounds

loud. It

is

loud.

Auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)

These verbs help a main verb express an action or make a statement. They most often help communicate voice, mood, or tense. Common auxiliary verbs Am Is was were Are be being been Has had have do Does did will would Can could may must Might shall should The officers had been planning the raid for months.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs are modifiers—they describe other words in a sentence. Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Preposition:

A preposition describes the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Examples: to, under, for, at, by, from Depending on what preposition you choose, it can alter the meaning of the sentence.

He yelled to He yelled at the child.

the child.

He yelled about the child.

He yelled near the child.

Prepositional phrases

A preposition always introduces a phrase called a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase ends in a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition. If the object has modifiers, they are also part of the prepositional phrase. Drag the cursor to the very last item.

Prepositional phrase

Interjections

An interjection is an outcry or sudden utterance. They usually start a sentence.

They are almost always punctuated with an exclamation point. Examples: Wow! Gosh! Darn! Eeeek!

Interjections

Conjunctions

A conjunction joins together words, phrases, or clauses.

They come in three major types: Coordinating, correlative, and subordinating

Coordinating conjunctions

They connect words or word groups that have equal importance in a sentence.

Think FANBOYS! and, but, or, for, so, yet, nor The branches of government are judicial, executive, and legislative.

We thought about going to the movies, but rented one instead. we

Correlative conjunctions

These are pairs of conjunctions that connect words or groups of words. Always used in pairs, they correlate with one another. Neither motorboats nor jet skis are allowed on the lake.

Both my father and my sister know how to sail.

They are: both…and; either…or; neither…nor; not only…but also; whether…or

Subordinating conjunctions

These conjunctions always signal a subordinate (dependent) clause. They join a subordinate clause to an independent clause. After Denzell tried snowboarding, he was hooked on the sport.

Conjunction Junction!!!

Now, let’s put this to practice!