Transcript 불교의 우주론 근본 불교, 대승 불교의 우주론 동양 사상 강좌

불교의 우주론
근본 불교, 대승 불교의 우주론
동양 사상 강좌
삼귀의 - 미얀마

Samanta cakkavalesu, atra-gacchantu
devata;
saddhammam muni rajassa, sunantu
sagga-mokkhadam.
May the deities from various universes
assemble here and listen to the noble
teaching of the Supreme Sage, that gives
heavenly bliss and liberation from suffering.


Dhamma ssavana kalo ayam bhaddanta.
(3 times)
Oh Noble Ones! This is the time to listen to the
Dhamma (Buddha's Teaching).
(3 times)

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammasambuddhassa.
(3 times)
Homage to Him, the Blessed, the Exalted and the
Fully Enlightened One.
(3 times)

Ye santa santa citta, tisarana sarana, ettha lokantare
va;
bhumma bhumma ca deva, guna gana gahana
byavata sabbakalam.
ete ayantu deva, vara-kanaka-maye, meruraje
vasanto;
santo santosa hetum, muni-vara- vacanam,
sotumaggam samagga.
There are deities, virtuous and tranquil after taking
refuge in the Triple Gem, living in this universe or in
other universes, there are deities around the world
and in heaven making efforts to gain virtuous
qualities, there is the King of deities gentle as he is,
living at the top of Mount Meru, made of excellent
gold. May all these deities assemble here together to
listen to the noble words of the Great Sage, which
are the source of happiness and peace.

Sabbesu cakkavalesu, yakkha deva ca brahmano;
yam amhehi katam punnam, sabba-sampattisadhakam.
May all demons, deities and Brahmas in all ten
thousand universes rejoice in our meritorious
actions which bring success and happiness.

Sabbe tam anumoditva, samagga sasane rata;
pamada-rahita hontu, arakkhasu visesato.
Having rejoiced in our merits, may the deities
together dedicate it to the Buddha's Dispensation
and especially do not neglect in protecting the
world.
우주론의 배경

현존하는 세계와 연관된 세계
 생물의 관찰, 생태계의 조사 결과
- 상의상관성의 이론 정립
- 계열별, 등급별 우주론 구성
- 윤리, 도덕적 행위에 따라 우주 생성
- 카스트 제도의 부정
 종파별 이념에 따른 우주론 정립
 우주의 생멸에 관한 질문 – 침묵
우주론의 기본 구조
욕계
-욕망으로 인해 태어남
-지옥, 아귀, 축생, 인간, 아수라, 천상
 색계천
-수도를 통해 이루는 과보
-욕망을 떠났으나 육신은 존재
 무색천
-수도, 사선정에 의해 태어남
-육신은 존재하지 않고 정신만 존재

욕계, 색계, 무색계

the realm of desire (kama-dhatu)
six domains (gatis)

the realm of form (rupa-dhatu)

the even higher realm of formlessness
(arupa-dhatu)
욕계의 존재 방식 – 육도 세계
1. Devas or gods. : 신, 천상
2. Asuras or titans (or jealous gods, or
demigods) : 아수라
3. Manusyas or humans : 인간
4. Tiryaks or animals : 축생
5. Pretas or hungry ghosts : 아귀
6. Narakas or demons (hell beings) :
지옥
악도 (4) - four states of
unhappiness (Apāya)

1. Niraya (ni + aya = devoid of happiness,
不樂地獄) woeful states where beings atone
for their evil Kamma. They are not eternal
hells where beings are subject to endless
suffering. Upon the exhaustion of the evil
Kamma there is a possibility for beings
born in such states to be reborn in blissful
states as the result of their past good
actions.
축생도

2. Tiracchāna-yoni (tiro = across; acchāna =
going), the animal kingdom. Buddhist belief is that
beings are born as animals on account of evil
Kamma. There is, however, the possibility for
animals to be born as human beings as a result of
the good Kamma accumulated in the past. Strictly
speaking, it should be more correct to state that
Kamma which manifested itself in the form of a
human being, may manifest itself in the form of an
animal or vice versa, just as an electric current
can be manifested in the forms of light, heat and
motion successively -- one not necessarily being
evolved from the other.
아귀 – 탐욕으로 인함

3. Peta-yoni (pa + ita) lit., departed beings, or
those absolutely devoid of happiness. They are
not disembodied spirits of ghosts. They possess
deformed physical forms of varying magnitude,
generally invisible to the naked eye. They have no
planes of their own, but live in forests, dirty
surroundings, etc. There is a special book, called
Petavatthu, which exclusively deals with the
stories of these unfortunate beings. Samyutta
Nikāya also relates some interesting accounts of
these Petas.
아수라도

4. Asura-yoni -- the place of the Asurademons. Asura, literally, means those who
do not shine or those who do not sport.
They are also another class of unhappy
beings similar to the Petas. They should be
distinguished from the Asuras who are
opposed to the Devas. (천상의 아수륜과 구
분)
4
악
도
욕계-복된 세계 (7)

1. Manussa -- The Realm of human beings.


The human realm is a mixture of both pain and happiness.
Bodhisattas prefer the human realm as it is the best field to
serve the world and perfect the requisites of
Buddhahood. Buddhas are always born as human beings.






2. Cātummahārājika -- the lowest of the heavenly realms
where the Guardian Deities of the four quarters of the
firmament reside with their followers.
동방 지국천(Dhrtarastra): 흰색
남방 증장천(Virudhaka): 청색
서방 광목천(Virupaksa): 적색, Shiva 신
북방 다문천(Vaisravana): 황색, 재물의 신

3. Tāvatimsa -- lit., thirty-three -- the
Celestial Realm of the thirty-three Devas
where Deva Sakka is the King. The origin of
the name is attributed to a story which
states that thirty-three selfless volunteers
led by Magha (another name for Sakka),
having performed charitable deeds, were
born in this heavenly realm. It was in this
heaven that the Buddha taught the
Abhidhamma to the Devas for three months.


4. Yāma – "The Realm of the Yāma Devas."
That which destroys pain is Yāma.
5. Tusita -- lit., happy dwellers, is "The Realm of
Delight."
 도솔천
 The Bodhisattas who have perfected the requisites
of Buddhahood reside in this Plane until the
opportune moment comes for them to appear in the
human realm to attain Buddhahood. The Bodhisatta
Metteyya, the future Buddha, is at present residing
in this realm awaiting the right opportunity to be
born as a human being and become a Buddha. The
Bodhisatta's mother, after death, was born in this
realm as a Deva (god). From here he repaired to
Tāvatimsa Heaven to listen to the Abhidhamma
taught by the Buddha.
 6. Nimmānarati -- "The Realm of the Devas who
delight in the created mansions."






7. Paranimmitavasavatti -- "The Realm of the Devas
who make others' creation serve their own ends."
The last six are the realms of the Devas whose
physical forms are more subtle and refined than
those of human beings and are imperceptible to the
naked eye. These celestial beings too are subject to
death as all mortals are. In some respects, such as
their constitution, habitat, and food they excel
humans, but do not as a rule transcend them in
wisdom. They have spontaneous births, appearing
like youths and maidens of fifteen or sixteen years
of age.
These six Celestial Planes are temporary blissful
abodes where beings are supposed to live enjoying
fleeting pleasures of sense.
욕
계
Kalpa 겁파 劫波

Mahakalpa 대겁 大劫
- 4 asankhyeya 成住壞空 사겁 四劫으로 구
성
- 각 겁은 20개의 antara Kalpa 小劫으로 구
성
- 소겁 16,800,000 년
- 겁은 336,000,000 년
- 대겁은 1,334,000,000 년
육도 세계의 특징

감각적 욕망을 기반으로 존재함
 선행과 악행에 대한 인과응보 개념
 업력에 따라 생존 기간이 정해짐
 업력에 따라 윤회함.
 고를 면할 수 없음.
 상위로 갈수록 쾌락과 수명이 더함
 하위로 갈수록 고통이 크고 많음.
색
계
무
색
계
비
물
질
계
참고 서적-웹

Buddhist Cosmology
Dr. C. George Boeree
Shippensburg University
만다라, 건축 양식

이차원 평면화 : 만다라
 삼차원 입체화 : 건축
 사차원 : 유한량, 유한수 시간 추가
 오차원 : 무한량, 무한수 추가
 육차원 : 초월 추가
 칠차원 : 무화 추가
 팔차원 : 선정락 추가
 구차원 : 정각
 계속 무한 차원으로 진입
우주도
만다라-우주도
불교의 신들


Brahma -- the supreme deva, who
convinced Buddha to teach. 범천
Indra -- a major deva, originally the Hindu
sky god. 제석
Prajña -- goddess of
knowledge. Buddhas’ mother was
considered an incarnation. 마야 부인

Mara -- a deva associated with death and
hindrances to enlightenment. It was Mara who
tempted Buddha under the bodhi tree.
마라, 마왕 파순
Yama -- the king of the 21 hells
야마, 지옥신
Nagas -- great serpents (or dragons, or water
creatures). The king of the Nagas protected
Buddha from a storm. 용왕
Gandharvas -- angelic beings who provide the
gods with music
건달바 (음악의 신)
야
마
불교 우주관과 건축 양식
앙코르 왓 (ANGKOR WAT)

중앙 탑 – 수미산 (Mount Meru
우주의 중심)
- 부처님을 모심

수미산을 둘러싼 황금산 – 사방의 탑
중앙 탑의 부처님
층별 구조
최상층 – 왕의 목욕실 (신인 합일)
 천상계
 다음층 – 신하들의 목욕실
 아래층 – 평민들
 아수라계 : 선신과 악신의 싸움
- 마하바라타 (1층 오른쪽)
- 라마야나 (1층 왼쪽)
 축생계
 지옥계

천
녀
A
p
s
a
r
a
배
치
도
보
로
부
두
르
정
각
상
배
치
도
삼신불 (Trikaya)

1. Nirmanakaya -- The earthly Buddhas
(and Bodhisattvas), especially as
personified by Siddhartha Gautama. In
Tibet, the intentional human embodiment
of a reborn master.

화신불 (육신으로 태어나신 부처님)
보신불 (수행하는 부처님)

2. Sambhogakaya -- Buddhas in their
heavens, the result of accumulated
merit. Or, in Zen, enlightenment. In
Tibetan buddhism, this refers to the means
of achieving the Dharmakaya, i.e. the
power of meditation on the various
visualized dieties called yidams which are
archetypal symbols of different qualities of
enlightenment.
법신불 (실제의 부처님)

3. Dharmakaya -- The teachings of the
Buddha, and the true nature of the Buddha,
which is everything. Buddha mind, or
Shunyata.

In Tibet, they also refer to the body,
speech, and mind of a master. And they
are represented by the mudra, the mantra,
and the mandala, respectively.
부처님의 화현

1. Vairochana -- center, white, tathagata family,
ignorance and wisdom, the primordial Buddha.
우주의 중심-비로자나불 (부동불)

2. Akshobhya -- east, blue, vajra (diamond)
family, aggression and mirrorlike wisdom.
동방 아촉불 – 다섯 지혜.

3. Ratnasambhava -- south, yellow, ratna (jewel)
family, pride and equanimity.
남방 보적불 – 보석을 쌓아 놓음.

4. Amitabha -- west, red, padma (lotus)
family, passion and discriminating
awareness, governs the present age.
서방 아미타불

5. Amoghasiddhi -- north, green, karma
family, envy and all-accomplishing
wisdom.
북방 성취여래 – 금강보살, 샥티(여성적 힘)
부처님과 보살
1. Samantabhadra – Krakucchanda 보현
 2. Vajrapani – Kanakamuni 금강, 대일
 3. Ratnapani – Kashyapa 보수보살
 4. Avalokiteshvara (Kuan Yin) 관음
Shakyamuni (Siddhartha Gotama)
 5. Vishvapani - Maitreya 미륵
(the future Buddha)

부처님

1 Amitabha is the transcendent Buddha of
the Western Pure Land. Amitabha rules
over this period of time.
아미타불

2 Avalokiteshwara (Chenrezi, Kwan Yin,
Kwannon) is the boddhisattva of
compassion. Avalokiteshwara is often
represented by a female figure, or an
ambiguous one, in the Mahayana
tradition. (See image at right)
관세음보살

The Taras are a set of 21 female saviors,
born from Avalokiteshvara’s tears. Green
Tara and White Tara are the best known.
- 타라, 관음보살의 현신 (백의 관음, 녹의 관
음)

3 Maitreya is the future Buddha, who will
be born 30,000 years from now. The
Chinese monk called Pu-tai (Ho-tei in
Japanese) - the laughing buddha - is
considered a pre-incarnation of Maitreya.
-포대 화상, 미륵불
관세음보살
불
교
와
힌
두
교
의
융
합
불명호
불교 우주론의 종합
도덕적 행위에 따른 계층, 차별화
-지상의 선업에 의해 천상에 태어남
-지상의 악업에 의해 악도에 태어남
 업력과 인과응보의 관계 정립
 우주의 상의상관성을 상세히 기술
 쾌락과 고통의 상호 연관성을 입증
 카스트 제도를 부정 (인간의 자유로운 선택)
 인생의 희망을 부여
 불성이론 : 성선설, 백지설, 평등설
