Transcript Chapter 3 Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures Elemental Geosystems 4e

Chapter 3
Atmospheric Energy and
Global Temperatures
Elemental Geosystems 4e
Robert W. Christopherson
Charlie Thomsen
Atmospheric Energy and
Global Temperatures
Energy Essentials
Energy at Earth’s Surface
Temperature Concepts and Controls
Earth’s Temperature Patterns
The Urban Environment
Energy Essentials
Energy Pathways and Principles
Shortwave energy in from the Sun
Longwave energy out from Earth
Insolation
Figure 3.2
Energy Pathways
Figure 3.1
Energy Pathways
Transmission
Scattering
Refraction
Albedo and Reflection
Refraction
Figure 3.4
Refraction
Figure 3.3
Albedo and Reflection
Figure 3.5
Clouds and Albedo
Figure 3.6
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Molecule-to-molecule transfer
Convection
Energy transferred by movement
Advection
Horizontally dominant movement
Radiation
Energy traveling through air or space
Heat Transfer
Figure 3.7
Energy Balance in the
Troposphere
The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric
Warming
Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance
The Greenhouse Effect and
Atmospheric Warming
Atmosphere absorbs heat energy
A real greenhouse traps heat inside
Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from
Earth into space
Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”
Figure 3.8
Outgoing Shortwave Energy
Figure 3.9
Outgoing Longwave Energy
Figure 3.9
Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Budget
Figure 3.10
Energy Balance at
Earth’s Surface
Daily Radiation Patterns
Simplified Surface Energy Balance
The Urban Environment
Daily Radiation Patterns
Figure 3.12
Simplified Surface Energy Balance
NET R =
+ SW (insolation)
– SW (reflection)
+ LW (infrared)
– LW (infrared)
Figure 3.13
Temperature Concepts and Controls
Temperature Scales
Measuring Temperature
Principal Temperature Controls
Land–Water Heating Differences
Temperature Scales
Fahrenheit
Celsius
Kelvin
Temperature
Scales
Figure 3.15
Principal Temperature Controls
Latitude
Affects insolation
Altitude
High altitude has greater daily range
High altitude has lower annual average
Cloud Cover
High albedo
Moderate temperatures – cooler days, warmer
nights
Effects of
Latitude
Figure 3.17
Altitude
Figure 3.18
Land–Water Heating Differences
Evaporation
Transparency
Specific heat
Movement
Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures
Marine vs. continental effects
Land–Water Heating Differences
Figure 3.20
The Gulf
Stream
Figure 3.21
Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.23
Marine and Continental Climates
Figure 3.25
Earth’s Temperature Patterns
January Temperature Map
Thermal equator movement southward
More movement over large continents
July Temperature Map
Thermal equator movement northward
More movement over large continents
Annual Range of Temperatures
Continentality
January Temperatures
Figure 3.24
July Temperatures
Figure 3.26
Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 3.28
The Urban Environment
Figure 3.29
Urban Heat Island
Figure 3.30
Air Temperature and
the Human Body
Wind chill
Correlates cold and wind speed
Heat index
Correlates heat and humidity
Wind Chill Table
Figure 1
Heat Index
Table
Figure 2
End of Chapter 3
Elemental Geosystems 4e
Robert W. Christopherson
Charlie Thomsen