Transcript Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of

Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of
the US Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty,
and equality of economic opportunity. Use your knowledge
of the 1820’s and 1830’s to explain the extent to which you
agree with the Jacksonians’ view of themselves.
“King”
Andrew?
Voting Requirements
in the Early 19c
Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860
Why Increased Democratization?
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White male suffrage increased – new states
introduce universal male suffrage. RI – Dorr
Rebellion (1842)
Party nominating committees.
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential
electors.
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Spoils system.
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Rise of Third Parties.
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Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
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Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
 Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs
(1832)  Republicans (1854)
 Democrats (1828)
Jackson’s First
Hermitage Residence
First Known Painting
of Jackson, 1815
General Jackson
During the Seminole Wars (1817)
Wars would not
end until 1842
The “Common Man’s”
Presidential Candidate
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay
[KY]
John Quincy Adams
[MA]
William H. Crawford
[GA]
John C. Calhoun
[SC]
Results of the 1824 Election
A
“Corrupt
Bargain?”
Accomplishments of John Quincy Adams
• Senate – voted against Embargo
of 1807
• Secretary of State
– Treaty of Ghent (1814)
– Adams-Onis Treaty – 1819, Spain
ceded Florida, the US gave up
Texas. (Seminole War)
– Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Accomplishments of John Quincy Adams
• President #6 1825-29
• House of Representatives – 8
terms
• Defense attorney in Amistad Slave
Revolt Case – 1841
• Had “gag rule” repealed – could not
discuss slavery in Senate
Beliefs of John Quincy Adams
• Second Bank of US
• Opposed annexation of Texas (anti-slavery)
• Nationalist (American System – public University,
weather stations)
• Sympathized with Indians
Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
1828 Election Results
The New “Jackson Coalition”
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The Planter Elite in the
South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils
system “Turn the rascals out, put our rascals
in.”
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Immigrants in the cities.
Jackson’s Faith
in the “Common Man”
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Intense distrust of Eastern
“establishment,” monopolies, &
special privilege.
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His heart & soul was with the
“plain folk.”
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Belief that the common man was
capable of uncommon
achievements.
The Reign of “King Mob”
The Inaugural Brawl!
Andrew Jackson as President
The “Peggy Eaton Affair”
Eaton was the wife of
Sec. of War and other
wives thought she was
an adulteress, so they
refused to sit with her at
dinner. Jackson
demanded, and the
cabinet resigned,
Calhoun then fell out of
favor with Jackson. Van
Buren befriended Eaton
and thus Jackson
“chose” Van Buren to
succeed him as
president.
1832 Tariff Conflict
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1828 --> “Tariff of
Abomination”
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South Carolina’s reaction? Nullification
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Jackson’s response? Force Bill
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Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?
Gradual reduction (1832-42)
“The Nullies” v Jackson
• John C Calhoun (VP Under Adams and Jackson) wrote South
Carolina Exposition (1828)
– “Concurrent Majority” – a federal law that is harmful to
states can be declared null and void via a convention of
the people.
• Jackson’s Response – Threatened military force and
“Force Bill”
What steps were taken to avoid a
military conflict?
Jackson and The Native Americans
• 1828 The Cherokee Tribes of Georgia wrote and adopted a
constitution with 3 branch government.
– Georgia declared the Cherokee Assembly illegal (SC ruled in favor
of Indians)
• Cherokee Nation v Georgia – state has no authority in tribal
legislation
• Worcester v Georgia – same ruling by John Marshall
• Jackson’s Response:
– “John Marshall had made his decision, now let him enforce it.”
*How does this quote from Jackson show his increasing
strength as President?
The Cherokee Nation After 1820
Indian Removal
Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Indian Removal Act of 1830
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100,000 Indians moved from east of Mississippi
1832 – Black Hawk War
1835-42 Osceola and Florida Seminoles
1838-39 “Trail of Tears” 15,000 Cherokees, 116
days – 4,000 deaths (25%)
– 100 million acres given up
– $68 million paid out, 32 million acres in West
Jackson’s Professed “Love” for
Native Americans
Jacksonians on States’ Rights
• Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837)
– States, not federal government, had power to enter into contracts
regarding infrastructure, transportation.
• Maysville Road Veto - I am not able to view [the Maysville Road Bill] in
any other light than as a measure of purely local character.... It has no
connection with any established system of improvements; [and] is
exclusively within the limits of a State [Kentucky]....
Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1830  Maysville Road project
in KY [state of his
political rival, Henry
Clay]
The National Bank Debate
Nicholas
Biddle
President
Jackson
“The Hydra of Corruption” – The Bank Wars
• Nicholas Biddle – President of Bank of US
– Functions – print stable currency, keep federal money, control gold
and silver, source of credit
• 1832 – Clay and Webster wanted to use the renewal of the charter to
embarrass the President – if he passed the charter he would anger his
followers, if he vetoed it the wealthy would be upset.
– *How did the veto increase the power of President?
nd
Opposition to the 2 B.U.S.
“Soft”
(paper) $
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state bankers felt
it restrained their
banks from issuing
bank notes freely.
supported rapid
economic growth
& speculation.
“Hard”
(specie) $
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felt that coin was
the only safe
currency.
didn’t like any bank
that issued bank
notes.
suspicious of
expansion &
speculation.
“The Moneyed Monster” The Bank War
• 1833 Jackson removed most Federal money from Bank of US
– Effect – Panic of 1837 – What did Biddle have to do?
• “Pet Banks”
• Specie Circular – US Treasury required all new land purchased be
secured with gold or silver. (1836)
The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
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“pet banks”?
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1832  Jackson vetoed the
extension of the 2nd
National Bank of the
United States.
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1836  the charter expired.
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1841  the bank went
bankrupt!
The Downfall of “Mother Bank”
Hydra of Corruption
An 1832
Cartoon:
“King
Andrew”?
1832 Election Results
Main
Issue?
The Specie Circular (1836)
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“wildcat banks.”
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buy future federal
land only with gold or
silver.
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Jackson’s goal?
Results of the Specie Circular
$ Banknotes lose their value.
$ Land sales plummeted.
$ Credit not available.
$ Businesses began to fail.
$ Unemployment rose.
The Panic of 1837!
The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
Andrew Jackson in Retirement
Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844
(one year before his death)
1767 - 1845
“The Era of the Common Man”
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Social mixture
Universal Male Suffrage
Popular Campaigning
Increased Power of President (through veto)
Kitchen Cabinet
Roger Taney in Supreme Court