Transcript n The Foundations of Medical and Veterinary Virology: 1968 – 1983

The Foundations of Medical
and Veterinary Virology:
Discoverers and Discoveries
Inventors and Inventions
Developers and Technologies
Frederick A. Murphy
University of Texas Medical Branch
n1968 – 1983
Mark Ptashne
1968
M Ptashne, W Gilbert
Walter Gilbert
identification of repressor genes (bacteriophage, lac operon)
Lawton Chiles International House, Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences
1968
Congressman J Fogarty
founding of the John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced
Study in the Health Sciences at the National Institutes of Health
Aaron Shatkin
1968
J Kates, B McAuslan, A Shatkin, J Sipe
Reoviruses use viral polymerases packaged within the viral core to
transcribe the ten distinct viral RNAs. The polymerase 3 (red) is
anchored to the inner surface of the icosahedral core shell, making
contacts with core shell protein 1. 3 is oriented with its transcript
exit channel facing a small channel through the 1 shell, suggesting
that nascent RNA is passed into the large external cavity of the
pentameric capping enzyme complex formed by protein 2.
discovery of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in a virion (reovirus)
1968
U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency
development of the Internet
Front row, from left: Don Alves, Vint Cerf, Richard Binder, Earl Craighill. Back row, from left: Jim Garrett, Paal Spilling,
Mike Cisco, Ron Kunzelman, Don Nielson, Bob Kahn, Anant Jain, Don Cone, Virginia Strazisar Travers, and Jim McClurg.
1968
U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency
development of the Internet
Werner Henle (1910-1987)
1968
W and G Henle
Gertrude S. Henle (1912–2006)
association of Epstein-Barr virus with mononucleosis
Leonard Hayflick
1968
L Hayflick
development of human diploid cell strains (WI-1 through WI-38)
Hans-Wilhelm Doerr
1968
H-W Doerr
publication of virology review series, Monographs in Virology
Sven Gard (1905-1998)
1968
S Gard, C Hallauer, K Meyer
K. F. Meyer (1884-1974)
Curt Hallauer (1900-1994)
publication of virology review series, Virology Monographs
(Die Virusforschung in Einzeldarstellungen) (1968-1981)
Peter Wildy
(1920-1987)
Joseph Melnick
(1914-2001)
Nils Oker-Blom
(1919-1995)
“The Four Founding Fathers”
1968
P Wildy, J Melnick, N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
the First International Congress for Virology
Victor Zhdanov
(1914-1991)
Gathering for the Opening Session
First International Congress for Virology
Helsinki, 1968
(536 registrants from 39 countries)
1968
P Wildy, J Melnick, N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
the First International Congress for Virology
Gathering for the Opening Session
First International Congress for Virology
Helsinki, 1968
(536 registrants from 39 countries)
(Joseph Melnick enlarged in yellow circle)
1968
P Wildy, J Melnick, N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
the First International Congress for Virology
Nils Oker-Blom
Chair of the National Host Committee
addressing the Opening Session
First International Congress for Virology
Helsinki, 1968
1968
P Wildy, J Melnick, N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
the First International Congress for Virology
1968
P Wildy, J Melnick, N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
the First International Congress for Virology
Meeting of the Executive Committee and Advisory Council at the Second International Congress for
Virology, Budapest, 1971. Participants, clockwise from left: H. von Magnus (Denmark); F. Fenner (Australia);
A.J. Rhodes (Canada); P. Wildy (U.K.); E. Farkas (Hungary); N. Oker-Blom (Finland); J.L. Melnick (USA);
E. Norrby (Sweden); G. Ivanovic (Hungary); L. Hirth (France); J.H. Subak-Sharpe (U.K.); V. Rennick (USA)
History of the
International
Congresses for
Virology and
the
International
Committee on
Taxonomy of
Viruses
International Congress for
Virology
Place and Year of
Congress
Chairman of Congress
President of ICTV
& Editor(s) of Report
First Congress
Helsinki, 1968
P Wildy, J Melnick,
N Oker-Blom,
V Zhdanov
P Wildy
Second Congress
Budapest,1971
J Melnick, P Wildy,
N Oker-Blom
Third Congress
Madrid, 1975
P Wildy, J Melnick,
N Oker-Blom
F Fenner
Fourth Congress
Hague, 1978
P Wildy,
J van der Want,
E Norrby, J Melnick
R Matthews
Fifth Congress
Strasbourg, 1981
J van der Want
R Mathews
Sixth Congress
Sendai, 1984
F Murphy
Seventh Congress
Edmonton, 1987
E Norrby
R Francki, C Fauquet,
D Knudson, F Brown
Eighth Congress
Berlin, 1990
M van Regenmortel
Ninth Congress
Glasgow, 1993
B Mahy
Tenth Congress
Jerusalem, 1996
R Pettersson
Eleventh Congress
Sydney, 1999
J Almond
Twelfth Congress
Paris, 2002
R Compans
M van Regenmortel,
C Fauquet, D Bishop,
E Carstens, M Estes,
S Lemon, J Maniloff, M Mayo,
D McGeoch, C Pringle,
R Wickner
Thirteenth Congress
San Francisco, 2005
H Klenk
L Ball, C Fauquet, M Mayo,
J Maniloff, U Desselberger
Fourteenth Congress
Istanbul, 2008
G Smith
F Murphy, C Fauquet,
D Bishop, S Ghabrial,
A Jarvis, G Martelli,
M Mayo, M Summers
Thomas Kelly
Daniel Nathans (1928-1999)
Werner Arber
Hamilton Smith
Kathleen Danna
1968
T Kelly, W Arber, H Smith, K Wilcox,
D Nathans, K Danna
discovery and characterization of first restriction endonucleases,
cleaving DNA only at specific sites
Peter Vogt
1968>
P Vogt, H Hanafusa, C Moscovici,
W Okazaki, B Burmester, others
Hidesaburo Hanafusa
discoveries elaborating the molecular biology of avian retroviruses
Robert Huebner (1914-1998)
1969
R Huebner, G Todaro
Huebner R J & Todaro G J. Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as
determinants of cancer. PNAS 64:1087-94, 1969.
development of the viral oncogene hypothesis
Sonja Buckley (1919-2005)
1969
S Buckley, J Casals-Ariet
Jordi Casals-Ariet (1911-2004)
discovery of Lassa virus
Thomas Monath
1969
S Buckley, J Casals-Ariet
Jordi Casals
Kent Campbell
discovery of Lassa virus
Verne Newhouse
Lassa virus, Vero cell
1969
S Buckley, J Casals-Ariet
discovery of Lassa virus
Charles A. (Chuck) Mebus
1969
C Mebus, N Underdahl, M Rhodes,
M Twiehaus
discovery of bovine rotavirus (the first rotavirus)
1969
1995
2006
Michael Crichton (1942-2008)
1969
M Crichton
publication of book, The Andromeda Strain, viral science fiction
“Knowing is not enough; we must apply.
Willing is not enough; we must do.”
— Goethe
Motto of the Institute of Medicine
National Academy of Sciences
1970
I Page, W McDermott, I Bennett, C Child,
J Comroe, C MacLeod, J Murtaugh,
D Wilbur, R Glaser, J Hogness,
D Fredrickson, J Shannon, D Hamburg
founding of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences
Frank John Fenner
David Ogilvie White (1931-2004)
Medical Virology:
Frank Fenner, David O. White, First Edition, 1970
Frank Fenner, David O. White, Second Edition, 1976
David O. White, Frank Fenner, Third Edition, 1986
David O. White, Frank Fenner, Fourth Edition, 1994
1970
F Fenner, D White
publication of book, Medical Virology (currently four editions)
David Baltimore
1970
D Baltimore, A Huang
Alice Huang
discovery of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in an enveloped RNA
virion (vesicular stomatitis virus)
Howard Temin (1934-1994)
1970
H Temin, D Baltimore
David Baltimore
discovery of the reverse transcriptase of retroviruses
Ornithodorus talaje
Walter Plowright
19701973
W Plowright, R Tesh, D Watts
Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)
discovery of transovarial transmission of viruses by arthropods (African
swine fever virus by ticks, vesicular stomatitis Indiana by sandflies and
La Crosse virus by mosquitoes)
Robert Tesh
19701973
W Plowright, R Tesh, D Watts
Douglas Watts
discovery of transovarial transmission of viruses by arthropods (African
swine fever virus by ticks, vesicular stomatitis Indiana by sandflies and
La Crosse virus by mosquitoes)
Direct examination of clinical specimens
It’s the diagnosis,
not the method…
Histopathology, ultrastructural pathology
Detection of viruses by electron microscopy
Detection of viral antigens
To be useful the
method must be
rapid, specific,
high-throughput…
Whatever method is
best in the given
circumstance must
be used…
The methods will
keep changing…
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA, ELISA, TR-FIA)
Radioimmunoassay
Immunofluorescence
Immunochromatography
Immunohistochemistry
Detection of viral nucleic acids
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Hybridization (in situ, Southern blot, dot-blot)
Oligonucleotide fingerprinting,
restriction endonuclease mapping
Virus isolation
Virus isolation in cultured cells
Virus isolation in animals or chick embryos
Serology
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA, ELISA, IgM-EIA)
Serum neutralization assay
Immunoblotting (western blotting)
Indirect immunofluorescence assay
Hemagglutination-inhibition assay
Pekka Eljas Halonen (1927–2001)
1970s>
P Halonen, others
Complement-fixation assay
development of modern rapid clinical diagnostic methods
Some non-human primate viruses:
Adenoviruses (numerous types)
B virus
Benign epidermal monkeypox virus
Callitrichid hepatitis virus (LCM virus)
Cytomegaloviruses
Ebola virus
Encephalomyocarditis virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
Herpes simplex virus 1
Herpes simplex virus 2
Herpesvirus ateles
Herpesvirus saimiri
Herpesvirus tamarinus
Marburg virus
Measles virus
Molluscum contagiosum virus
Monkeypox virus
Papillomaviruses
Rabies virus
Simian agent (SA8 virus)
Simian foamy viruses
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus
Simian hepatitis A virus
Simian immunodeficiency viruses
Simian varicella virus
SV40 virus
Tanapox virus
Yabapox virus
Yellow fever virus
Seymour S. (“Sy”) Kalter (1918-2007)
1970s
S Kalter, R Heberling
development of non-human primate virology
Timeline:
1970s: SV40 and brain tumor associations
1992: SV40 DNA in brain tumors
1994: SV40 DNA in mesotheliomas
1995: SV40 virus isolated from brain tumor
1996: SV40 DNA in bone tumors
2002: SV40 DNA in lymphomas
The question of whether SV40 virus can cause human tumors
has been one of the most highly controversial topics in cancer
research during the last 50 years. The debate began with the
discovery of SV40 as a contaminant in poliovirus vaccines used
in >100 million children and adults between 1955 and 1963.
Concerns were reinforced by finding SV40 transform human
cells and promote tumor growth in animal models. SV40 DNA
was said to be present in a variety of human cancers; however,
its presence was not consistently linked to the formation of
these cancers. Several recent studies suggest that older
detection methodologies were flawed – failings in these
methods could account for most, if not all, of the positive
correlations of SV40 and human tumors. More recent advances
include VLP-based serological assays specific for SV40, BK,
and JC viruses, and improved PCR primer design to reduce
false-positive results (laboratory contamination with SV40
DNA). It is now thought that although many people were
exposed to SV40 by polio vaccination, there is inadequate
evidence to support the notion of widespread SV40 infection,
increased tumor incidence in those individuals who received
contaminated vaccine, or a direct role for SV40 in human
cancer.
Butel JS, Lednicky JA. Cell and molecular biology of simian virus 40:
implications for human infections and disease. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
91:119-134, 1999.
Janet Butel
1970s>
J Butel, others
Poulin DL, DeCaprio JA. Is There a Role for SV40 in Human Cancer?
Journal of Clinical Oncology 24:4356-4365, 2006.
controversy whether SV40 (in polio vaccines) causes tumors in humans
(brain tumors, lymphomas)
Richard Whitley
George H. Hitchings
(1905-1998)
1970s1980s
Lawrence Corey
Gertrude B. Elion
(1918-1999)
G Hitchings, G Elion, R Whitley, L Corey,
others
development of “rational drug design” and the antiviral
chemotherapeutic, acyclovir, for treatment of herpesvirus infections
Peter Doherty
1971
P Doherty, R Zinkernagel
Rolf Zinkernagel
discovery of how the cellular immune system recognizes virus-infected
cells
The first EIA kit, HEPANOSTIKA test
kit, Organon Teknika (Netherlands)
Eva Engvall, Anton Schuurs, Peter Perlmann, Bauke van Weemen
1971
P Perlmann, E Engvall, A Schuurs,
B van Weemen
invention of enzyme immunoassays—EIAs and ELISAs
Theodore O. Diener
Potato spindle tuber viroid
infected potato plant
Viroid Origin in Jumping Genes?
Viroids are the smallest known infectious agents, which so far have been shown to
occur only in plants. They are single-stranded RNA molecules and typically are from
270 to 380 nucleotides long; this is at least three orders of magnitude smaller than
even the most diminutive virus. Unlike viruses, viroids are naked: the RNA strand is
not encapsulated in a protein coat. Despite many attempts, no one has found a
viroid encoded protein: the genome, it seems, might not be translated at all.
Viroids, clearly, are mysterious beasts. Recent analysis of nucleotide sequences of
one group of viroids has, however, given a possible glimpse into the origin of these
enigmatic pathogens. Theodore Diener and his colleagues at the Plant Protection
Institute, Beltsville, Maryland, report features in viroid sequences that echo
structural aspects of transposable genetic elements. From Science, 1983.
1971
T Diener
Potato spindle tuber viroid
discovery of viroids (infectious naked RNA molecules)
David Baltimore
Baltimore D (1971). Expression of animal
virus genomes. Bacteriol Rev 35:235–241.
1971
D Baltimore
I:
II:
III:
IV:
V:
VI:
VII:
dsDNA viruses (Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
(+) sense ssDNA viruses (Parvoviruses)
dsRNA viruses (Reoviruses)
(+) sense ssRNA viruses (Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
(-) sense ssRNA viruses (Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
ssRNA-RT viruses (Retroviruses)
dsDNA-RT viruses (Hepadnaviruses)
Baltimore system of virus classification based on replicative path to mRNA
Sylvia D. Gardner
1971
S Gardner, A Field, D Coleman, B Hulme
Anne Field
discovery of BK virus (polyomavirus) and its etiologic association with
kidney and bladder disease and bladder cancer
Renal allograft biopsy, BK virus
nephropathy: (left) intranuclear inclusion
in tubular epithelial cell; (right) high mag
of inclusion showing that it is comprised
of virions arranged in paracrystalline array
1971
S Gardner, A Field, D Coleman, B Hulme
discovery of BK virus (polyomavirus) and its etiologic association with
kidney and bladder disease
Robert Shope
Jin-Won Song
Connie Schmaljohn
Richard Yanagihara
Thottapalayam virus (TPM) isolated from Suncus
murinus (Asian house shrew, musk shrew) in
India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China, Taiwan, and
Japan.
Thottapalayam Virus: A Presumptive Arbovirus
Isolated from a Shrew in India. Donald E. Carey,
Rachel Reuben, K, Panicker, Robert E. Shope,
Ruth M. Myers. Indian J Med Res 1971;59:1758.
Thottapalayam Virus, a Prototype Shrew-borne
Hantavirus. Jin-Won Song, Luck Ju Baek, Connie
S. Schmaljohn, and Richard Yanagihara. Emerg
Inf Dis 13(7): on line, 2007.
1971
D Carey, R Reuben, R Shope, M Myers,
J-W Song, C Schmaljohn, R Yanagihara
Suncus murinus (Asian house shrew, musk shrew)
discovery of Thottapalayam virus (the first hantavirus)
George M. Baer
Oral rabies vaccine wildlife (coyote, fox, raccoon) baiting zones, USA, 2007
Baer, G. M., Abelseth, M. K., Debbie, J. G. Oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 93:487-490, 1971.
Steck F, Wandeler A, Bichsel P, Capt S, Hafliger V, Schneider L. Oral immunization of foxes against rabies: laboratory and field studies. Comp.
Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 5:165-171, 1982.
19711982>
G Baer, M Abelseth, M Debbie,
G Winkler, F Steck, A Wandeler, others
development of the concept, strategy and programs for oral vaccination of
wildlife against rabies
Franz Steck (1932-1982)
Alexander Wandeler
Franz Steck, preparing chicken head baits
for vaccination of foxes in Switzerland, 1982
Two specialists from the Swiss Rabies Center, Franz Steck and Alexander Wandeler, elaborated an American-developed live vaccine
to immunize foxes against rabies; they experimented with encapsulating the vaccine and placing capsules in chicken heads.
When unsuspecting foxes ate the chicken heads, they broke open the capsules and were immunized. Starting in 1978, the Swiss
started dropping the chicken heads in the Rhone Valley by helicopter, but after Dr. Steck was killed in a helicopter crash other
methods of distribution were devised.
19711982>
G Baer, M Abelseth, M Debbie,
G Winkler, F Steck, A Wandeler, others
development of the concept, strategy and programs for oral vaccination of
wildlife against rabies
19711982>
G Baer, M Abelseth, M Debbie,
G Winkler, F Steck, A Wandeler, others
development of the concept, strategy and programs for oral vaccination of
wildlife against rabies
Bert Achong
Sir Michael Epstein
Achong B G, Mansell P W A, Epstein M A, Clifford P. An unusual virus in cultures
from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1971;46:299–
307.
Herchenroder O, Renne R, Loncar D, Cobb E K, Murthy K K, Schneider J, Mergia
A, Luciw P A. Isolation, cloning, and sequencing of simian foamy viruses from
chimpanzees (SFVcpz): high homology to human foamy virus (HFV). Virology.
1994;201:187–199.
Thomas Folks
1971>
Paul Luciw
B Achong, M Epstein, P Luciw, W Heneine,
D Neumann-Haefelin, T Folks, others
Heneine W, Switzer W M, Sandstrom P, Brown J, Vedapuri S, Schable C A, Khan
A S, Lerche N W, Schweizer M, Neumann-Haefelin D, Chapman L E, Folks T M.
Identification of a human population infected with simian foamy viruses. Nat
Med. 1998;4:403–407.
discovery and characterization of simian foamy virus infection in
humans
Marian C. Horzinek, 1972
1971>
M Horzinek
Marian C. Horzinek, 2007
seminal studies of veterinary viruses (bovine, equine, feline viruses)
Raymond Samuel Tomlinson
The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP10
mainframe Ray Tomlinson used to send the
first person-to-person network e-mail
1972
R Tomlinson
development of e-mail
Albert Kapikian
1972
A Kapikian, colleagues
Norwalk virus
discovery of Norwalk virus (the first human calicivirus)
Paul Berg
1972
P Berg, H Boyer
Herbert Boyer
development of the first recombinant-DNA molecules
Stanley Cohen
1973
S Cohen, H Boyer
development of the technology for manipulation of recombinant DNA
molecules, the start of genetic engineering
1973
S Cohen, H Boyer
development of the technology for manipulation of recombinant DNA
molecules, the start of genetic engineering
Ian Hamilton Holmes
Ruth Bishop
Estimated global distribution of the 800,000
annual deaths caused by rotavirus diarrhea
1973
R Bishop, G Davidson, I Holmes, T Flewett,
A Kapikian, others
discovery of human rotaviruses
Thomas Flewett (1922-2006)
Ruth Bishop, Thomas Flewett, Albert Kapikian
1973
R Bishop, G Davidson, I Holmes, T Flewett,
A Kapikian, others
discovery of human rotaviruses
Time magazine cover:
“Tinkering with Life”
1973
A Hellman, M Oxman, R Pollack
Asilomar conference and proceedings: Biohazards in Biological
Research
CLASSIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS MICROORGANISMS BY RISK GROUP
Following upon the Asilomar Conference of 1973
RISK GROUP
CLASSIFICATION
NIH GUIDELINES FOR RESEARCH INVOLVING RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULES
Risk Group 1
Agents that are not associated with disease in healthy adult humans.
Risk Group 2
Agents that are associated with human disease which is rarely serious and for which
preventive or therapeutic interventions are often available.
Risk Group 3
Agents that are associated with serious or lethal human disease for which preventive or
therapeutic interventions may be available (high individual risk but low community risk).
Risk Group 4
Agents that are likely to cause serious or lethal human disease for which preventive or
therapeutic interventions are not usually available (high individual risk and high community
risk).
1973
A Hellman, M Oxman, R Pollack
Asilomar conference and proceedings: Biohazards in Biological
Research
Robert Purcell, Albert Kapikian, Stephen Feinstone
Hepatitis A virus
1973
S Feinstone, A Kapikian, R Purcell
discovery of hepatitis A virus
Joseph Sambrook, being hooded,
honorary degree, University of Melbourne
1973
J Sambrook, colleagues
development of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and use of staining
with ethidium bromide
Joseph Sambrook
1973
J Sambrook, colleagues
Joseph Sambrook and David Baltimore at CSH
development of agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA and use of staining
with ethidium bromide
from Nathans and Danna's first paper,
depicting 11 distinct HINDII/III restriction enzyme bands
of SV40 virus DNA as separated by gel electrophoresis
Daniel Nathans (1928-1999)
1973
D Nathans
completion of restriction enzyme map of a viral genome (SV40 virus)
Georges Jean Franz Köhler (1946-1995)
1974
G Köhler, C Milstein
César Milstein (1927-2002)
development of monoclonal antibodies
Lynn Enquist
Screening a
1974
F Blattner, P Leder, L Enquist, K Murray,
T Maniatis, others
λ phage library
development of phage λ as a viral vector for recombinant DNA
technology
Vigdis Torsvik
1974
T Torsvik, I Dundas, A Wais, others
halophilic virus His1
discovery of viruses of Archaea, many with exceptional morphologies
Torsvik, T., Dundas, I.D., 1974. Bacteriophage of Halobacterium salinarium. Nature 248, 680–681.
Wais, A.C., et al., 1975. Salt-dependent bacteriophage infecting Halobacterium cutirubrum and H. halobium. Nature 256, 314–315.
1974
T Torsvik, I Dundas, A Wais, others
discovery of viruses of Archaea, many with exceptional morphologies
Harald zur Hausen
1974
H zur Hausen
The association between human papillomavirus infection and cervical
cancer was first suggested by Harald zur Hausen in 1974. [ zur Hausen H,
Meinhof W, Scheiber W et al.: Attempts to detect virus-specific DNA in
human tumors. I. Nucleic acid hybridization with complimentary RNA of
human wart virus. Int J Cancer 13:650-656, 1974.]. Today, it is known
that 99.7 % of cervical cancers are a result of human papillomavirus 16
and 18 infections – this is the case, even though there are approximately
138 distinctive human papillomaviruses (discriminated by PCR and full
genome sequencing).
discovery of the association between human papillomavirus infection
and cervical cancer
Hans Gelderblom
Porcine circovirus
19741982
I Tischer, H Gelderblom
discovery of porcine circovirus (the first circovirus)
1975
P Berg, D Baltimore, S Brenner, R Roblin III,
M Singer
Asilomar International Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules,
1975
1975
P Berg, D Baltimore, S Brenner, R Roblin III,
M Singer
Asilomar International Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules,
1975
Maxine Singer, Norton Zinder, Sydney Brenner, Paul Berg
1975
P Berg, D Baltimore, S Brenner, R Roblin III,
M Singer
Philip Sharp, David Baltimore
Asilomar International Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules,
1975
Phillip A. Sharp
Richard J. Roberts
Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharp made their discovery of split genes in adenovirus
when they examined a hybrid between a viral mRNA and its template DNA in the electron
microscope. They observed that the mRNA was not encoded co-linearly in the DNA.
Instead, loops of unhybridized DNA (A, B, C) were seen. The interpretation was that
mature messenger RNA was derived from discontinuous segments (exons) in the viral
DNA. The intervening sequences (introns - A, B, C) are excised during mRNA maturation.
1975
P Sharp, L Chow, R Roberts, T Broker
discovery of RNA splicing and split genes (adenovirus)
Yvonne Edna Cossart
1975
Anne Field
Human parvovirus B19 Infection
Acute Host
Normal child
Normal adult
Chronic hemolytic anemia
Disease
Fifth Disease
Polyarthropathy
Transient aplastic crisis
Clinical Manifestations
Facial erythema, “slapped cheek”, maculopapular eruption over body
Inflammation of joints, mimicking symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Severe acute anemia
Chronic Host
Disease
Clinical Manifestations
Immunocompromised patient
Fetus
Fetus
Pure red cell aplasia
Congenital anemia
Hydrops fetalis
Chronic anemia
Aregenerative chronic anemia
Fatal anemia, heart failure
Y Cossart, A Field, A Cant, D Widdows
discovery of parvovirus B-19 and its association with fifth disease and
aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemia
Typical rash pattern of
fifth disease
1975
Y Cossart, A Field, A Cant, D Widdows
discovery of parvovirus B-19 and its association with fifth disease and
aplastic crisis in hemolytic anemia
Human astrovirus 1
C. R. (Dick) Madeley
1975
C Madeley, B Cosgrove, T Lee, J Kurtz
Madeley CR, Cosgrove BP. Letter: Viruses in infantile
gastroenteritis. Lancet 19;2:124-125, 1975.
discovery of human astrovirus 1 (the first astrovirus)
Baruch Samuel Blumberg
1975
B Blumberg, B Larouze, W London,
B Werner, J Hesser, I Millman, others
Hepatocellular carcinoma:
classic arrangement of tumor cells
in trabecular and acinar patterns. H&E
discovery of the relationship of hepatitis B virus with hepatocellular
carcinoma
Bernard Moss
1975
B Moss, A Shatkin
Aaron Shatkin
discovery that messenger RNA contains a specific nucleotide 5' cap for
correct processing during translation (vaccinia virus, reovirus)
Sir Edwin Mellor Southern
1975
E Southern
development of southern blotting
Karl Johnson
1976
Patricia Webb (1925-2005)
K Johnson, P Webb, J Lange, F Murphy,
S Pattyn, W Jacob, G Van der Groen, P Piot,
E Bowen, G Platt, G Lloyd, A Baskerville,
colleagues
discovery of Ebola virus
Frederick Murphy
Guido van der Groen
1976
K Johnson, P Webb, J Lange, F Murphy,
S Pattyn, W Jacob, G Van der Groen, P Piot,
E Bowen, G Platt, G Lloyd, A Baskerville,
colleagues
discovery of Ebola virus
Ebola virus, 1976
1976
K Johnson, P Webb, J Lange, F Murphy,
S Pattyn, W Jacob, G Van der Groen, P Piot,
E Bowen, G Platt, G Lloyd, A Baskerville,
colleagues
discovery of Ebola virus
J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
1976
J Bishop, H Varmus
discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes
Alfred S. Evans (1918-1996)
1976
A Evans
special criteria for proof of viral disease causation: the Henle-Koch
postulates revisited again
Criteria for Disease Causation: a unified concept appropriate for
viruses as causative agents of disease, based on the Henle–Koch
postulates, by Alfred S. Evans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Prevalence of the disease is significantly higher in subjects exposed to the putative virus than in
those not so exposed.
Incidence of the disease is significantly higher in subjects exposed to the putative virus than in
those not so exposed (prospective studies).
Evidence of exposure to the putative virus is present more commonly in subjects with the disease
than in those without the disease.
Temporally, the onset of disease follows exposure to the putative virus, always following an
incubation period.
A regular pattern of clinical signs follows exposure to the putative virus, presenting a graded
response, often from mild to severe.
A measurable host immune response, such as an antibody response and/or a cell-mediated
response, follows exposure to the putative virus. In those individuals lacking prior experience,
the response appears regularly, and in those individuals with prior experience, the response is
anamnestic.
Experimental reproduction of the disease follows deliberate exposure of animals to the putative
virus, but nonexposed control animals remain disease free. Deliberate exposure may be in the
laboratory or in the field, as with sentinel animals.
Elimination of the putative virus and/or its vector decreases the incidence of the disease.
Prevention or modification of infection, via immunization or drugs, decreases the incidence of
the disease.
10. The whole thing should make biologic and epidemiologic-sense.
1976
A Evans
special criteria for proof of viral disease causation: the Henle-Koch
postulates revisited again
Rudolf Rott (1926-2003)
1976
R Rott, C Scholtissek
Christoph Scholtissek
After influenza viruses were found to
have a segmented genome, reassortants
obtained in the laboratory became
invaluable tools to address many
important problems in influenza virology.
The polygenic nature of influenza virus
pathogenicity was unraveled over several
years by the work of Fraser, Kilbourne,
Mayer, and then in great depth by Rudolf
Rott and Christoph Scholtissek. The
latter found that some reassortants
derived from two apathogenic parent
viruses had acquired pathogenicity.
Comparisons among many reassortants
revealed that pathogenicity was
associated with quite different gene sets.
This led to the concept that
pathogenicity depends on an optimum
gene constellation rather than being
defined by one or two genes.
development of the concept that an optimum constellation of genes
determines pathogenicity (influenza viruses)
Walter Fiers
19761977
W Fiers, F Sanger colleagues
ORIGIN
1
gggtgggacc cctttcgggg tcctgctcaa
61
tctttagcga gacgctacca tggctatcgc
121
gtttgacctg tgcgagcttt tagtaccctt
181
gttcgcgttt acgcggacgg tgagactgaa
241
aactggactc ccggtcgttt taactcgact
301
tctccgtatt cacggggggc gttaagtgtc
361
agtgggtcat cgtggggtcg cccgtacgag
421
gcacgctcct gctacagcct cttccctgta
481
cagaacgttg cgaaccgggc gtcgaccgaa
541
aaccttggtg ttgctttagc agaggccagg
601
attgcgctcg tgaaggcgta cactgccgct
661
taccttgccc taaacgaaga tcgaaagttt
721
gagttgcagt tcggttggtt accactaatg
781
acgaaggttc accttcaaga gtttcttcct
841
atcaagttag atggccgtct gtcgtatcca
Frederick
Sanger gttttacata
901
tcgcgacgta
tcgtgatatg
961
ctaggtatct tgaacccact aggtatagtg
1021 gactggctcc tacctgtagg taacatgctc
1081 tacatgtcag gaacagttac tgacgtaata
1141 ccctacgggt ggactgtgga gagacagggc
1201 cgaggggtac aatccgtatg gccaacaact
1261 gtccatacct tagatgcgtt agcattaatc
1321 ccggagtttg aagcatggct tctaacttta
1381 ctggcgacgt gactgtcgcc ccaagcaact
1441 ctaactcgcg ttcacaggct tacaaagtaa
cttcctgtcg
tgtaggtagc
gatagggaga
gataactcat
ggggccaaaa
acatcgatag
gagaaagccg
agccaaaact
gtcctgcaaa
tcgacagcct
cgtcgcggta
cgatcaaaac
agtgatatcc
atgagagccg
gctgcaaact
aacgatgcac
tgggaaaagg
gagggcctta
acgggtgagt
actgctaagg
ggcgcgtacg
aggcaacggc
ctcagttcgt
tcgctaacgg
cctgtagcgt
agctaatgcc
cggaattcca
acgagacctt
tctctttaaa
cgaaacagtg
atcaaggtgc
gtttcggctt
tgacttacat
aggtcaccca
cacaactcgc
attggcgcca
acgtggccgg
agggtgcata
tacgtcaggt
tccagacaac
gtttggcatg
tgcctttctc
cggcccccgt
ccatcataag
cccaaatctc
taaagtctcc
tctctagata
tctcgtcgac
ggtcgctgaa
tcgtcagagc
atttttaatg
ttcctaggag
cgtcccctcc
atatcgttcg
gcactacccc
ctacaagcga
ctccctcgac
cgaagtgccg
gggtaatttt
gacgcaaacc
ggcgctccgc
caggtggttg
tgagatgctt
cggtactaac
gtgcaacata
gttgtcgtct
attcgttgtc
gggatgctcc
cgttgacgct
agccatgcat
tttctcgatg
gagccctcaa
aatggcggaa
tggatcagct
……………………….
first complete sequencing of viral genomes [bacteriophage MS2
(ssRNA) and ΦΧ174 (ssDNA)]
D A Henderson
1977
D Henderson, F Fenner, I Arita, many others
Frank Fenner
global eradication of smallpox
Isao Arita
Donald Millar, William Foege, Michael Lane, CDC Smallpox Eradication Program
1977
D Henderson, F Fenner, I Arita, many others
global eradication of smallpox
Ali Maow Maalin, Merka, Somalia,
the last known case of smallpox
1977
D Henderson, F Fenner, I Arita, many others
global eradication of smallpox
AM Maxam & WA Gilbert. A New Method for Sequencing DNA.
PNAS 1977; 74(2): 560–564.
Walter Gilbert
1977
A Maxam, W Gilbert, F Sanger, colleagues
development of the technology for rapid sequencing of DNA [chain
termination (dideoxy) method, and partial cleavage of end-labeled DNA
method]
•The DNA sample is divided into four separate samples.
•Each of the four samples has a primer, the four normal deoxynucleotides,
DNA polymerase, and one of the four dideoxynucleotides is added in a limited quantities.
chain
terminator
Frederick Sanger
1977
A Maxam, W Gilbert, F Sanger, colleagues
•The primer or the dideoxynucleotides can be radiolabeled but today fluorescent tags are used.
development of the technology for rapid sequencing of DNA [chain
termination (dideoxy) method, and partial cleavage of end-labeled DNA
method]
Mario Rizzetto
John L. Gerin
In 1977, Mario Rizzetto, Azienda Ospedaliera S.
Giovanni Battista, di Torino, Torino, Italy, and John
Gerin, Georgetown University, discovered hepatitis
delta virus.
1977
M Rizzetto, J Gerin, colleagues
Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, Crivelli O, Bonino F, Trepo CG, Verme G.
1977. Immunofluorescence detection of a new antigen/antibody system
(d /anti-d ) associated with hepatitis B virus in liver and serum of HBsAg
carriers. Gut 18:997-1003.
discovery of hepatitis delta virus (the only deltavirus)
Carl Richard Woese
Molecular Tree of Life based on rRNA gene
sequence comparisons.
The diagram compiles the results of many
rRNA gene sequence comparisons.
1977>
C Woese
recasting of The Tree of Life, phylogeny based on mRNA gene sequences
Ho Wang Lee
Pyung Woo Lee
Karl M. Johnson
Ho Wang Lee, Pyung Woo Lee, Karl M. Johnson. Isolation of the etiologic agent of
Korean hemorrhagic fever. J Infect Dis 1978;137:298-308.
1978
H Lee, P Lee, K Johnson
discovery of Hantaan virus, the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome, Korean hemorrhagic fever
Leland (Skip) Carmichael
1978
L Carmichael, M Appel
Max Appel
discovery of canine parvovirus (CPV-2)
Colin Parrish
1978>
C Parrish
molecular characterization, structure and phylogeny of canine parvovirus
David Botstein
1978
D Botstein
discovery of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms (RFLPs), yeast,
bacteriophage, humans
Lady Lise Wilkinson
Anthony Peter Waterson (1923-1983)
1978
A Waterson, L Wilkinson
publication of the book, An Introduction to the History of Virology
Robert A. Swanson (1947-1999) and Herbert W. Boyer
1978
R Swanson, H Boyer
Sculpture at Genentech depicting the
seminal meeting of Swanson and Boyer
founding of Genentech, the first biotech company listed on the NY
Stock Exchange
Tomato bushy stunt virus
19781985
S Harrison, M Rossman, N Olson, R Kuhn,
T Baker, J Hogle, M Chow, R Rueckert, J Johnson
Poliovirus 1
determination of the atomic structure of a plant virus (tomato
bushy stunt virus) and vertebrate viruses (poliovirus, rhinovirus)
Steven Harrison
Marie Chow
19781985
Michael Rossman
Tim Baker
S Harrison, M Rossman, N Olson, R Kuhn,
T Baker, J Hogle, M Chow, R Rueckert, J Johnson
James Hogle
Richard Kuhn
Jack Johnson
Roland Rueckert
determination of the atomic structure of a plant virus (tomato
bushy stunt virus) and vertebrate viruses (poliovirus, rhinovirus)
Lynn Enquist
1979
L Enquist, M Madden, P Schiop-Stanley,
G Vande Woude
development of the technology for cloning viral DNA fragments into
phage λ vector (herpes simplex virus)
Scott B. Halstead
1979
S Halstead
discovery of the role of immune enhancement in the pathogenesis of
dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome
David P. Lane
Arnold J. Levine
Lane DP, Crawford LV. T antigen is bound to a host protein in SV40-transformed cells. Nature 1979;278:261–3.
Linzer DI, Levine AJ. Characterization of a 54K Dalton cellular SV40 tumor antigen present in SV40-transformed cells and
uninfected embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell 1979;17:43–52.
1979
D Lane, L Crawford, A Levine, D Linzer
discovery of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in SV40-transformed cells
Tumor suppressor gene p53
The protein p53 was discovered in 1979 by David P. Lane and Arnold J. Levine and
their co-workers. Over the next ten years, the gene for p53 was found to act as a
tumor suppressor gene. Its role in the cell is to prevent cell transformation leading
to cancers. About 60 % of human cancers contain mutations in the p53 gene. It now
appears that the function of the p53 protein is to respond to damage to DNA, by
either moving the cell into a lethal apoptotic program or permitting cellular repair
processes to act prior to duplication of the DNA and cell division. In this way, the
p53 protein, sensing DNA damage, minimizes mistakes in the genetic information
and eliminates the rise of genetically altered cells that lead to cancer.
Lane and Levine used antibodies specifically reactive to SV40 large T antigen to show
that immunoprecipitation from transformed cells resulted in the recovery of not only
SV40 large T antigen itself but also a cellular protein having an approximate
molecular weight of 53 kDa. Based on its size, this protein became known as p53.
Although this finding was significant in providing the first evidence that the products
of DNA tumor virus oncogenes function through physical interactions with cellular
proteins, a decade of additional research was required before the enormous effect of
the p53 discovery would be fully comprehended. The central importance of p53 is
further underscored by the fact that, in addition to SV40 large T antigen,
oncoproteins encoded by other DNA tumor viruses, such as HPVs and human
adenoviruses, have similarly evolved to bind and inactivate p53 in cells.
from: The History of Tumor Virology. Ronald T. Javier and Janet S. Butel. Cancer Res 68:7693, 2008
1979
D Lane, L Crawford, A Levine, D Linzer
discovery of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in SV40-transformed cells
Robert Gallo
Mitsuaki Yoshida
Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and
cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980;77:7415–9.
Hinuma Y, Nagata K, Hanaoka M, Yoshida, M, et al. Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the
antigen in human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981;78:6476–80.
1980
R Gallo, B Poiesz, M Yoshida, I Miyoshi,
Y Hinuma, colleagues
discovery of human T lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2, the first
unequivocal human cancer viruses to be identified
Elizabeth Williams (1951-2004)
1980
E Williams, S Young
Stuart Young (1925-2003)
discovery that chronic wasting disease of deer and elk is a spongiform
encephalopathy, caused by a prion
James M. Hughes
19802006
Walter R. Dowdle
W Dowdle, F Murphy, J Hughes
Frederick A. Murphy
founding of the National Center for Infectious Diseases at the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Board of Scientific Counselors, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(1987)
Front row L to R): Joseph Jones (chairman, The Robert Woodruff Foundation), Jeff Davis (state epidemiologist, Wisconsin Department of Health), J. Mehsen Joseph
(director of laboratories, Maryland Department of Health), Mary Ann Danello (assistant commissioner, FDA), Walter Bowie (dean, School of Veterinary Medicine,
Tuskegee University), Bernard Fields (chairman, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School). Back row: Frederick A. Murphy (director,
National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC), David Fraser (president, Swarthmore College), John Bennett (director, Clinical Mycology Laboratory, NIAID, NIH), Lee
Hand (director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine), Rebecca Rimel (executive director, The Pew Charitable Trusts), Scott Halstead
(director, Health Sciences, The Rockefeller Foundation), Carlos Lopez (infectious disease specialist, Northside Hospital, Atlanta), D. A. Henderson (dean, Johns
Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health), Joseph Losos, director general, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Canada), John LaMontagne (deputy director,
NIAID, NIH), Gail Cassell (chair, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham). Not present for this photo: Glenn Close (actor, and president,
Trillium Production Company), Stanley Falkow (professor, Stanford University School of Medicine), Harlyn Halvorson (president, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole), George Hill (associate dean for research and graduate studies, Meharry Medical College), John Maupin (executive vice president, Morehouse School of Medicine),
Phillip Russell (commander, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command), Laurence Foster (state epidemiologist, Oregon Department of Health).
19802006
W Dowdle, F Murphy, J Hughes
founding of the National Center for Infectious Diseases at the
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Thomas Cech
1980s
S Altman, T Cech
Sidney Altman
discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA, the ribozyme concept
1981
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
(MMWR)
publication of reports of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in five
previously healthy young men in Los Angeles, and an unusual number
of cases of Kaposi sarcoma in gay men—AIDS
James Curran
Paul Volberding
1981>
Donald Francis
Harold Jaffe
Kevin De Cock
Helene Gayle
Jay Levy
Merle Sande
J Curran, D Francis, H Jaffe, P Volberding,
J Levy, K De Cock, H Gayle, many others
seminal investigations of the epidemiology and natural history of
HIV / AIDS
Vincent Racaniello
David Baltimore
Racaniello V, Baltimore D (1981). Cloned poliovirus
complementary DNA is infectious in mammalian cells.
Science 214 (453): 916-919.
1981
V Racaniello, D Baltimore
development of the first infectious recombinant clone of an animal
virus (poliovirus)
Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
1981
G Binnig, H Rohrer
development of the scanning tunneling microscope
Don C. Wiley (1944-2001)
Sir John Skehel
Influenza virus hemagglutinin trimer
1981
D Wiley, J Skehel, I Wilson, others
discovery of the structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin
George Stark
The western blotting method
originated in the laboratory of
George Stark at Stanford. The
name western blot was given to
the technique by W. Neal
Burnette and is a play on the
name Southern blot, a technique
for DNA detection developed
earlier by Edwin Southern.
Detection of RNA is termed
northern blotting.
1981
G Stark, W Burnette, R Reiser, H Towbin
invention of western blotting—electrophoretic transfer of proteins
from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets and detection with
antibody
Wolfgang Karl (Bill) Joklik
1981
W Joklik, H Ginsberg, others
Harold S. Ginsberg (1917-2003)
founding of the American Society for Virology
Founding of the American Society for Virology
[abstracted from: How the American Society for Virology was Founded. WK Joklik and SE Grossberg.
Virology 344:250, 2006]
1966:
Ninth International Congress of Microbiology (ICM), Moscow –
dissatisfaction with virology venues at ICMs led to planning for a virology
congress.
1968: First International Congress for Virology, Helsinki – a grand success.
<1980: Virology was one of the Divisions of the American Society for
Microbiology (ASM) -- dissatisfaction with virology venues at ASM
meetings.
1980: Ad hoc discussions were held as to whether to found a free-standing
American Society for Virology. Requests to the ASM by its Virology
Division for travel funds to the Fifth International Congress of Virology
in Strasbourg in 1981 were denied.
1981: Bill Joklik sent an organizational planning letter to Peter Vogt, Purnell
Choppin, Bob Wagner, David Baltimore, Tom Merigan, Juli Youngner,
Norton Zinder, Harry Ginsberg, Al Kaplan, Lee McLaren, Fred Murphy,
Fred Rapp and Walter Schlesinger, laying out general planning ideas. The
reaction to this letter was overwhelmingly positive.
1981: A public meeting of 40 virologists was held on 9 June 1981 in Chicago at
which a resolution was passed overwhelmingly to found a virology society
– 9 June 1981 is the birthday of the American Society for Virology.
Founding of the American Society for Virology
[abstracted from: How the American Society for Virology was Founded. WK Joklik and SE Grossberg.
Virology 344:250, 2006]
1981: An Organizing Committee was constituted both to design an
administrative structure and to organized the first annual meeting of the
society in August 1982 at Cornell University. More than 650 virologists
were invited to become charter members and attend the Ithaca meeting.
The members of the interim Organizing Committee were: David
Baltimore, Purnell Choppin, Harry Ginsberg, Bob Haselkorn, Dorothy
Horstman, Bill Joklik, Tom Merigan, Fred Murphy, Bernard Roizman, Max
Summers, Peter Vogt, Bob Wagner, Julius Youngner, Milt Zaitlin and
Norton Zinder.
1982: The first annual meeting of the American Society for Virology was held at
Cornell University, locally organized by Milt Zaitlin, and attended by more
than 500 virologists (with the society already having about 1,000 paid-up
members). The scientific program, organized by the interim president Bill
Joklik, consisting of four symposia and 27 workshops: The topics of the
symposia were: Genome Structure and Expression (Norton Zinder, David
Baltimore, Jan Kaper); Transformation and Persistence (Mike Bishop,
George Miller, Mark Ptashne); Mechanisms of Infection (Abner Notkins,
Bill Robinson Tom Monath); and Epidemiology and Ecology (Peter
Palese, Max Summers, Karl Johnson).
Founding of the American Society for Virology
[abstracted from: How the American Society for Virology was Founded. WK Joklik and SE Grossberg.
Virology 344:250, 2006]
At the first business meeting of the Society the following were elected:
President
Bill Joklik
President-Elect
Harry Ginsberg
Councilors
Fred Murphy, Milton Zaitlin, Dorothy Horstman, Max Summers, Bob Haselkorn, Priscilla Schaeffer
Secretary-Treasurer
David Bishop
The following committee appointments were made:
Meetings & Program Committee Membership Review Committee
Charter and Bylaws Committee
Finance Committee
Ken McIntosh, Chairman
L.E. Carmichael
R.M. Goodman
W.K. Joklik
J. King
W.E. Rawls
M. Summers
Bernard Fields, Chairman
R. Haselkorn
D. Horstman
T.J. Morris
George Miller, Chairman
D.H.L. Bishop
F. A. Murphy
F. Rapp
E. Scolnick
Al Wood, Chairman
J.B. Derbyshire
H.S. Ginsberg
M. Gottesman
N.H. Hopkins
T.C. Merigan
A.J. Nahmias
H. Revel
H.D. Robertson
J. Storz
M. Zaitlin
>1982: By 2007, the Society had 3,462 members, 614 of whom were from
44 countries outside the USA, including 183 from Canada. Successful
annual meetings had been held every summer since 1982.
Stanley Prusiner
1982
S Prusiner
development of the concept of the prion and the etiologic role of
prions in spongiform encephalopathies
1982
S Prusiner
development of the concept of the prion and the etiologic role of
prions in spongiform encephalopathies
Bovine spongiform
encephalopathy,
cow, brain stem,
neurons and
neuropil with
spongiform
degeneration (clear
vacuoles) and mild
gliosis. H&E.
From AFIP
1982
S Prusiner
development of the concept of the prion and the etiologic role of
prions in spongiform encephalopathies
Walter Goad (1925-2000)
Walter Goad of the Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group at Los Alamos
National Laboratory, and others, established the Los Alamos Sequence Database
in 1979, which culminated in 1982 with the creation of GenBank.
1982
W Goad
development of GenBank
Stunting of growth (a) and death (b) of newborn mice infected with
LCM virus (strain Armstrong 137l), and reversal of stunting by
transplantation of cells secreting growth hormone. (b) Without
hormone replacement, the mice die. From MBA Oldstone Nature, 1984.
Michael B. A. Oldstone
1982
M Oldstone, Y Sinha, P Lampert,
colleagues
development of the concept of virus-induced alterations in cellular
homeostasis and luxury functions of infected cells
19821997
Marian Horzinek
Marion Koopmans
Franz Steck
Gerald Woode
Roger Glass
Richard Guerrant
G Woode, D Reed, M Weiss, F Steck,
M Horzinek, M Koopmans, R Glass,
R Guerrant, colleagues
discovery of bovine, equine and
human toroviruses
Woode GN, Reed DE, Runnels PL, Herrig MA,
Hill TH. Studies with an unclassified virus
isolated from diarrheic calves. Vet Microbiol
1982;7:221-40.
Francoise Barré-Sinoussi
Jean-Claude Chermann
Luc Montagnier
“At a conference on AIDS in Park City, Utah on 6-10 February 1984, with 150 scientists, the elite of the
field assembled, Jean-Claude Chermann was invited to speak at the end of the second day. After a few
minutes, it was all silence in the room. For the very first time most scientist's realized that the French team
had really found the virus. The audience also welcomed the news that a blood-test was now available.”
Barré-Sinoussi F., Chermann J.C., Rey F., Nugeyre M.T., Chamaret S., Gruest J., Dauguet C., Axler-Blin C.,
Brun-Vezinet F., Rouzioux C., Rozenbaum W., Montagnier L. : Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a
patient at risk for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Science, 1983, 220 : 868-871
1983
F Barre-Sinoussi, J Chermann,
L Montagnier, others
discovery of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1)
U.S. Secretary of
Health and Human
Services Margaret
Heckler and Robert
Gallo at their 1984
news conference
where she announced
his “discovery of the
cause of AIDS”
1983
F Barre-Sinoussi, J Chermann,
L Montagnier, others
discovery of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV1)
Mikhail Surenovich Balayan
Balayan, Mikhail S., Andjaparidze, A. G., Savinskaya, S. S., Ketiladze. E. S.,
Braginsky, D. M., Savinov, A. P. & Poleschuk, V. F. (1983). Evidence for a virus in
non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route.
lntervirology 20, 23 31.
1983
M Balayan, colleagues
discovery of hepatitis E virus (the only hepevirus)
Mikhail Surenovich Balayan
The self sacrifice of Russian virologist, Mikhail Surenovich Balayan, bordered on the extreme. In
1983, Dr. Balayan was investigating an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in a central Asian part
of the Soviet Union. Though he wanted to bring samples back to his Moscow laboratory (in the
Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences), he
lacked refrigeration. So he made a shake of yogurt and an infected patient’s stool, drank it, went
back to Moscow, and waited. When he became seriously ill a few weeks later, he started collecting
and analyzing his own samples. In these he found a new virus that produced liver injury in
laboratory animals and could be seen by electron microscopy. It looked a lot like hepatitis A
virus, but he could show that it was not, because he already had antibodies against the hepatitis
A virus and these did not react with the new virus. Subsequently, in 1990, Gregory Reyes, and his
colleagues at GeneLabs Inc. cloned and sequenced the genome of the virus in collaboration with
Mikhail Balayan and Daniel Bradley and colleagues from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). The virus was named hepatitis E virus. It was found in succeeding years to be
the cause of major epidemics of severe hepatitis with high mortality in pregnant women, and to
be zoonotic with reservoirs in swine and other animals.
ABI 380A/B
ABI 394
In 1955, the first chemical synthesis of DNA was accomplished by M. Michelson and A Todd. Subsequently, this contribution was recognized by a
Nobel Prize to Todd. Next, H-G Khorana and his colleagues showed how a DNA sequence could be assembled via chemical means, now known as the
phosphodiester method. In 1976 Khorana with his 19 co-workers reported on the synthesis of a 126-residue long DNA. This project took 8 years. In
the mid-1970’s, the first solid-phase preparation of DNA was performed in the laboratories of H. Köster, M. Gait and K. Itakura. Solid-phase synthesis
is the dominant method used today. The specific chemistry used today came slightly later, in 1981, when M. Matteucci and M. Caruthers reported an
efficient automated synthesis of DNA employing P(III) amidite chemistry. Applied Biosystems, Inc. commercialized this technology – first with the
single-column 380A and 380B instruments with capabilities to make one DNA sequence at a time on a very small scale (0.2-10 μmol).
1983
M Carruthers, M Matteucci, M Hunkapiller,
Applied Biosystems Inc.
development of commercial DNA synthesizer technology
Andrew Murray
YAC's (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes) can enhance cloning
capacity up to approximate 300 kbp of DNA
1983
A Murray, J Szostack
development of the yeast artificial chromosome—vector to clone large
DNA fragments