Green Plans/Strategies

Sustainable Development as Integration

Environment Science & Technology Environment Politics Society/Nation Integrating plan/strategy Economy

An International Framework

  Creating conventions and protocols to govern the international commons Establishing principles and practices of sustainable development for implementation at national and local levels

The International Framework: Agenda 21

 Preamble Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at preparing the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes are crucial in achieving this. International cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other international, regional and subregional organizations are also called upon to contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should also be encouraged.

        Other Important Agreements for the International Framework for SusDev Biodiversity: Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 Climate Change: Convention on Climate Change 1992; Kyoto Protocol 1997 Desertification: UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly Africa 1994 Endangered Species: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1973 Hazardous Waste: Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal 1989 Heritage: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1927 Others: Ozone (Montreal Protocol 1987); Oceans (Law of the Sea 1982); Wetlands (Ramsar 1973); International Development Goals (OECD 1997) Millenium Development Goals (UN 2000)

Agenda 21 - Table of Contents

Preamble

Section 1

: Social and Economic Dimensions

Section 2

: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development

Section 3

: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups

Section 4

: Means of Implementation

Agenda 21 - Table of Contents Chapter

1. Preamble

Paragraphs SECTION I

. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS 2. International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in developing countries and related domestic policies 3. Combating poverty 4. Changing consumption patterns 5. Demographic dynamics and sustainability 6. Protecting and promoting human health conditions 7. Promoting sustainable human settlement development 8. Integrating environment and development in decision-making

SECTION II

. CONSERVATION AND MGT OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT 9. Protection of the atmosphere 10. Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources11. Combating deforestation 12. Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought 13. Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development 14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development 15. Conservation of biological diversity 16. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology 17. Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living resources 18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated approaches to the development, management and use of water resources 19. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products 20. Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, in hazardous wastes 21. Environmentally sound management of solid wastes and sewage-related issues 22. Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive wastes

SECTION III

. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR GROUPS 23. Preamble 24. Global action for women towards sustainable and equitable development 25. Children and youth in sustainable development 26. Recognizing and strengthening the role of indigenous people and their communities 27. Strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations: partners for sustainable development 28. Local authorities' initiatives in support of Agenda 21 29. Strengthening the role of workers and their trade unions 30. Strengthening the role of business and industry 31. Scientific and technological community 32. Strengthening the role of farmers

SECTION IV

. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 33. Financial resources and mechanisms 34. Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation and capacity-building 35. Science for sustainable development 36. Promoting education, public awareness and training 37. National mechanisms and international cooperation for capacity-building in developing countries 38. International institutional arrangements 39. International legal instruments and mechanisms 40. Information for decision-making

Agenda 21: National Plans

 8.7. Governments, in cooperation, where appropriate, with international organizations, should adopt a national strategy for sustainable development based on, inter alia, the implementation of decisions taken at the Conference, particularly in respect of Agenda 21. This strategy should build upon and harmonize the various sectoral economic, social and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country. The experience gained through existing planning exercises such as national reports for the Conference, national conservation strategies and environment action plans should be fully used and incorporated into a country-driven sustainable development strategy. Its goals should be to ensure socially responsible economic development while protecting the resource base and the environment for the benefit of future generations. It should be developed through the widest possible participation. It should be based on a thorough assessment of the current situation and initiatives.

Local Stragies (Local Agenda 21)

Agenda 21: Chapter 28 LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21

PROGRAMME AREA

Basis for action

28.1. Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling its objectives. Local authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental policies and regulations, and assist in implementing national and subnational environmental policies. As the level of governance closest to the people, they play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote sustainable development.

28.3. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local organizations and private enterprises and adopt "a local Agenda 21". Through consultation and consensus-building, local authorities would learn from citizens and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. The process of consultation would increase household awareness of sustainable development issues. Local authority programmes, policies, laws and regulations to achieve Agenda 21 objectives would be assessed and modified, based on local programmes adopted. Strategies could also be used in supporting proposals for local, national, regional and international funding.

28.4. Partnerships should be fostered among relevant organs and organizations such as UNDP, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and UNEP, the World Bank, regional banks, the International Union of Local Authorities, the World Association of the Major Metropolises, Summit of Great Cities of the World, the United Towns Organization and other relevant partners, with a view to mobilizing increased international support for local authority programmes. An important goal would be to support, extend and improve existing institutions working in the field of local authority capacity-building and local environment management.

Accepted Principles More Important than Framework Specifics



public trust doctrine



precautionary principle



inter-generational equity



intra-generational equity



subsidiarity principle



polluter pays principle (PPP)



user pays principle (UPP)

Problems with Early SusDev National Plans

      Many were not integrated into mainstream strategic planning; Many were “wish lists” lacking clear objectives and achievable targets; Narrow base of participation and without key stakeholders; Did not support existing processes, strategies, and capacities and tried to build parallel structure; Many (developing countries) were not led by the country, but by external agencies; In some developing countries different external agencies pushed competing strategies

Key Principles based on Experience

      People centred Consensus on long term vision Comprehensive and integrated Targeted with clear budgetary priorities Based on comprehensive and reliable analysis Incorporate monitoring, learning, and improvement       Country-led and nationally owned High-level government commitment and influential leading institutions Building on existing mechanisms and strategies Effective participation Link national and local levels Develop and build on existing capacity

Linear Process of Strategy Making

Requires balance

Set of Objectives

Social, Economic, Environmental

Set of Processes

Participation, Communications, Analysis, Debate, Investment, Capacity building, Monitoring Requires co-ordination

Coordination System Strategy for Sustainable Development

Cyclical Process of Strategy Making

Assessment of issues and debate priorities Monitor SD outcomes Consensus on vision and priority goals Communication Participation Coordination Information Learning Plans and investment Monitor strategy mechanisms Empowerment & capacity building Mainstreaming SD, controls and incentives

        

The Netherlands Approach

From 1989 National Environmental Policy Plan revised every 4 years Dialogue between government, industry, civil society, public Cabinet established interdepartmental body led by Prime Minister to develop strategy All policies embedded in susdev concepts (2001) Experiments in integration of economic, socio-cultural, environmental aspects of government investments Each ministry must overview its contribution to susdev annually in annual budget Inventory made of susdev initiatives of municipalities, provinces, business, citizens.

Visions, baseline analysis, targets and timelines, triggers, action plans, institutional plans, indicators set Covenant approach with industrial sectors

Sectors and Community

Sustainable Development as Integration

Environment Science & Technology Environment Politics Community/Sector Integrating plan/strategy Economy

      

Sector and Community Comparison

Community focuses on interrelations of people and institutions within an area Sector focuses on the interrelations of people within an interdependent set of activities In both stakeholders share responsibilities and participation Both require building of social capital and other capacities Need to integrate technology, economy and politics Strategy Framework: Vision, participation, issue analysis, targets, implementation plans, indicators and evaluation External linkages and interdependencies

SusDev by Sectors

Sector: Definition

 Within a larger system (society, economy, industry), a sector is a distinct subsystem of related components

Why Sectors?

 Allows you to deal with the integrated complexity of the susdev challenge at a reasonable level.

Sectors as Systems

    Network and interrelations Upstream and downstream interrelations Horizontal interrelations   Interrelations with citizens, government, businesses, NGOs, certifying authorities Regulatory and cultural framework  Environmental impacts Direct and indirect impacts: local/global, temporal Life-cycle impacts Interactions with rest of system: cumulative and synergistic effects

Sector Examples

      Agriculture Forestry Mining Fisheries Materials (metals, plastics, cement, chemicals, nanotechnologies) Energy Life cycle approach           Transportation (air, land, water) Construction/Building mgt Water/sewage Tourism Education Finance/Banking/ Insurance Retail and wholesale Health Governance/participation Elderly, youth, gender

Materials Processing Your Sector Includes Parts Manufacture Product Assembly Resource Extraction Physical Infrastructure, Landuse, Social Infrastructure Distribution Recycling Material & Energy Inputs Pollution Outputs

Minimize

Materials Collection Consumption

    

Sector Initiatives

Most incremental and build on existing practices, organizations and cultures Introducing systems based approach with life cycle assessment Leadership of individuals, particular firms, government departments, and NGOs important Experimentation with pilot projects Need to overcome technological, economic and cultural barriers

The Netherlands Sector Approach

•Themes (issues) •Target groups (sectors) •Indicators •Covenants of stakeholders •Market and technology •Product Life-cycle Policy •Program Monitoring and Evaluation

Netherlands: Target groups, themes and indicators  The government targets an industry or group of industries that have problems in common that have to be solved and transportation, manufacturing industry, energy, identified and called themes.

the themes of acidification, eutrophication, and toxic . The most important target groups are agriculture, traffic refineries, building trades, and consumer and retail trade. The major common problems that they have to solve are Agriculture, for example, has substance dispersion. Indicators are chosen to allow the severity of the problem (theme) and advances in solving it to be measured accurately and concisely.

The indicators for agriculture are, respectively, ammonia emissions for acidification, phosphate emissions for eutrophication, and pesticide use for toxic substance dispersion.

Netherlands: Covenants

 The national government brings together provincial and municipal governments, business representatives, industry association representatives, environmentalists and occasionally labor to discuss the severity of the problem and what needs to be done to solve it. Improvement targets and timetables are established. These targets and timetables are set for short, medium and long-term efforts because the changing the system requires incentives and deadlines that allow firms to realistically achieve the improvement goals. Companies are expected to put action plans into effect, monitor the results and make the information open to the public.

   

Netherlands: Market and technology

The covenant approach works so well because it allows the market to motivate companies to improve their environmental performance and to innovate in the design or use of environmental technologies. The targets allow the companies to plan for the future in their own way and are not forced to adopt existing technologies. Therefore, companies do not have to change technologies and practices all the time as regulation become tougher, but can devise technologies and practices that actually give them an advantage over the competition. Thus a company is motivated to find both the most advantageous environmental technology and to do it in the most efficient manner for their business.

Netherlands: Product Life-cycle Policy

   Covenants are encouraged to provide information about each product as it moves through the lifecycle. Thus companies at each stage of the product cycle gain improved information about how to design and use products received from downstream. The Netherlands balances this policy with the fact that are a small trade dependent country selling and buying goods from many countries that have less strict regulations than them, and also selling and buying goods to countries like Germany and Sweden which in some sectors will have tougher environmental regulations.

Netherlands: Program Evaluation

 The programs are evaluated on an ongoing basis by the national government, paid consultants and environmentalists. The program is also more thoroughly reviewed on 5 and 10-year intervals to point out significant problems.

Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Agriculture Traffic and Transportation Industry Acidification Eutrophication Toxic substance dispersion Climate change Acidification Disturbance of local environment Climate Change Acidification Solid Waste Indicator Ammonia emissions Phosphate emissions Pesticides CO2 emissions Nitrogen emissions Noise and odor CO2 emissions SO2 emissions NOX emissions Industrial and chemical waste

Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Energy Climate Change Acidification Solid Waste Refineries Climate change Acidification Toxic substance dispersion Indicator CO2 emissions SO2 emissions NOX emissions Fly ash and slag Radioactive waste CO2 emissions SO2 emissions Hazardous substances emissions

Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Building trade Climate change Toxic substances dispersion Solid waste Consumer and retail Climate change Acidification Solid Waste Indicator CO2 emissions CFC emissions Creosote and hazardous substances C&D waste CO2 emissions NO2 emissions Household and white good waste

Homogenous Sectors

Covenant Process

Knowledge Base Preparation

Heterogeneous Sectors

Implementing plan at branch level Implementation Monitoring and enforcement

HK’s Transportation Sector

Comparatively high level of sustainability because:  Low private car ownership (5.2 %)  Relatively few roads    89% of all passenger trips by public transport High level of access, convenience, affordable Modal competition and railway self financing

HK’s Transportation Sector

       Problems: Roadside pollution high, particularly NOX and RSPs from diesel Traffic noise Pressure on land and habitat from expanding road and rail networks High latent demand for cars Roads planned with little regard for interrelations with other aspects of public space (pedestrianization, neighbourhood division, aesthetics) Public participation limited to post conceptualization-engineering consultations (little real change possible) Railways subsidized by government land grants for development; roads paid for by government (therefore bus companies, logistics companies subsidized

Transportation Policies

     Infrastructure (Highways dept) Comprehensive Transport Study 3 (2000) began to integrate SusDev into transport planning “Emphasis on rail” but road predominant expansion (5X) “Predict and provide” approach instead of demand management Little concern for social well being, noise, air pollution or other issues of sustainability Environment, Transport and Works bureau now links environment and transport Vehicles and Fuels (EPD) Low sulfur fuels Euro engines (with replacement of buses) LPG taxis and minibuses No control over mainland fuels being used in HK Tunnel fees but no electronic road pricing

UK Sustainable Transport Policy        Integrate land use and transport policies to minimize transport and increase use of less-damaging modes Remove air quality threats to human health Improve quality of life by reducing dominance of cars and trucks and providing other modes Halt loss of land used for conservation, scenic, or amenity purposes Reduce GHGs Reduce impact on non-renewable resources Reduce noise

   HONG KONG Direct Average travel distance    Average network speed Cost of freight transport  Indirect AQ based on air quality objectives Toxic air pollution based on acceptable risk Per capita C02 Total C02

Indicators

    ALTERNATIVE Per capita km buses and trains; footway length; avg. travel speed, disabled facilities; prv. cars; traffic accidents; fatalities; income proportion; roadside API Access to goods, services, activities, destinations Impact/kilometre Kilometer/GDP

Indicators

  Don’t connect with guiding principles completely (e.g. GP of safety and pedestrian facilities don’t have indicators) Measures means rather than goals (e.g. network speed rather than ease of access to services)

‘$50,000 lure’ for minibus LPG switch

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

What physical infrastructure is under development?

What land-use considerations are required?

What kind of social decisions are being made?

Who is involved?

Are the decisions being made in a atmosphere of cooperation or conflict?

HK’s Municipal Solid Waste Strategy

The Immediate Problem: landfills filling up

The Underlying Problem: high consumption and waste habits

Strategic Objective

Targets

Implementation

Indicators?

HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism

Subsectors

    

Food and Beverage

: restaurants, fast food shops, bars, etc.

Hotels and hostels Travel and transport

transportation : travel agents, tour operators, airport/airline services and companies specializing in mass

Retailers

: clothing, footwear, foodstuff, alcoholic drinks, consumer and durable products

Events and leisure facilities

other leisure activities.

: entertainment facilities, theme parks, museums, art galleries, cultural facilities,

HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism

    Stage 1 Review of Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry Stakeholders baseline study International benchmarking Comparative assessment and Analysis    Stage 2 Development of draft integrated strategy for the T&T industry Stakeholder consultation Formulate an environmentally sustainable development strategy   Stage 3 Devise implementation plan Strategy dissemination

HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism

Participation  Initial consultation with stakeholder groups   Focus groups with stakeholders Roundtable discussions yearly

HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism

Four Priority Areas: 1.

Environmental management in industry firms and associations 2.

3.

4.

Sustainable training, education & awareness Facilitating exchange of information and technology Landuse planning and new tourism product development

HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism

Implementation    Action Plans for government departments, government tourist organizations and representative trade organizations Guidelines for industry members Charters for signing members to observe

Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development

    2 programs to eliminate toxic chemicals in urban environment, reduce load on sewage system, aquatic environment Products used in industry and by consumers “Chemical Sweep”: identify hazardous products and develop, test, and market alternatives “Clean Lubricants: develop, test, and market alternatives

Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development

     Used authority from Swedish National Act on Chemical Products (users required to switch to alternative to hazardous chemicals when available) to interest users Municipality brought together manufacturers and users in cooperative effort to stimulate product development Service approach: offering advice and technical assistance; engaged manufacturers and users Focused on specific products:cleaners, batteries, pesticides, cutting fluids, diesel fuels Companies were highly aware and receptive because of fears of regulations and potential for competitive advantage

“Chemical Sweep” Program: switching to available alternatives

     Education, information and promotional campaign to regulation stickers, exhibitions and trade fairs spread information about hazardous chemicals and substitution : mass media advertisements, brochures, displays, Use of specific chemicals in different sectors assessed through survey and list of affected products and users compiled Users were notified of their hazardous chemical use and of alternatives, and of regulations Encouraged to switch to alternatives Follow-up visits to see how many had changed

    

“Chemical Sweep” Program: developing alternatives

Some firms couldn’t switch because alternatives not available Worked with several firms in a sector (and across sectors) on pilot projects to develop alternatives Functional and ecological assessment of products monitored and documented Car Wash Detergent:   8 products tested by Chemical Sweep, Env. Protection office, Local gov’ts, Petro Dealers Nat. Assoc., 2 car wash companies Green products performed better, new class of product created  100% uptake by local car wash companies Rechargeable Batteries (15% cadmium to .0025%)    Tests showed less toxic suitable for mobiles, video cameras, shavers Importers and general public informed New product models with less toxic battery introduced

     

“Clean Lubricants” Program: developing alternatives

Administered by Municipal Solid Waste Agency; two employees Focus on hydraulic fluids Manufactures invited to put forward green products (6 chosen) Local users asked to participate in one year blind field test (excavators, trucks with lifts, garbage trucks) Clean lubricants performed well functionally and ecologically Manufacturers spurred to develop more clean lubricants

Gothenburg Green Products Lessons

   Legislation as starting point, but must be followed up with proactive education etc.

Municipality can have big influence if programs are designed properly Enormous amount of concern and competence in sector that can be harnessed cooperatively

    

Sector/Community Case Study Websites

European Academy of the Urban Environment:

SURBAN - database on sustainable urban development in Europe

 http://www.eaue.de/winuwd/default.htm

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI): Case Studies  http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=843 Sustainable communities network  http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/studiesindex.html

Federation of Community Municipalities: Center for Sustainable Community Development  http://www.sustainablecommunities.ca/Search/Search/Search.aspx

?lang=e Sustainable Tourism Net:  http://www.sustainabletourism.net/cs_destination.html

Our Sector Analysis: scope

 Focus on environmental sustainability 

Or environmental linkage to social, economic or political aspect of sustainability



Or an issue dealt with in a systematic manner

Our Sector Analysis: means

      Baseline conditions: descriptive of environmental, social, political, and economic characteristics; and of stakeholder awareness and capacities Issue and gap analysis Alternatives generation Indicators and monitoring system Stakeholder feedback Integration with community

Scoping a Sector

   Branch of society: citizens, government, business, NGOs Division of branch: industry, service, citizen group,government level/administrative division, type of NGO Smaller divisions: community/subgroup, government bureau/department, industrial or service grouping, NGOs

Baseline State and Impacts Checklist

Environmental  Air  Land  Water  Noise  Biodiversity  Landscape and seascape Economic  Jobs  Per capita income  Asset values  Entrepreneurial ism and opportunities Social  Services (e.g. health, education, recreation)  Housing  Cultural continuity  Volunteerism  Elderly  Equity  Etc.

Political  Government activities in area (policies, regulations)  Political parties  Other interest groups  Issues  Conflicts

Baseline Information

   Observation Printed materials, government publications Talking to stakeholders

Environmental Sources

   Air, land, water, noise quality, and conservation http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd Biodiversity and Habitats http://www.hkbiodiversity.net

; http://www.susdev.gov.hk/html/en/su/consult.htm

Fish http://www.hk-fish.net/eng/index.htm

Hong Kong Habitats

Area Mapped for Each Habitat Type High Value Ecological Habitat†

Fung Shui Forest Montane Forest Lowland Forest Mixed Shrubland Freshwater/ Brackish Wetland Natural Watercourse Mangrove Intertidal Mudflat Seagrass Bed 803.9

Subtotal

106.3

123.4

18318.3

15196.5

130.1

0.7

343.1

656.1

5.4

35683 Medium Value Ecological Habitat†

Plantation or Plantation /Mixed Forest Shrubby Grassland Fishpond/Gei wai Sandy Shore† Rocky Shore Cultivation

Subtotal

417.0

24674.8

1031.7

179.6

94.2

3838.3

30236 Area (ha) % Cover Type

0.1

0.1

16.5

13.7

0.1

0.3

0.6

0.0

32.1

0.4

22.2

0.9

0.2

0.1

3.5

27.2

Hong Kong Habitats

Area Mapped for Each Habitat Type Low Value Ecological Habitat†

Bare Rock or Soil Grassland Modified Watercourse Artificial Rocky/Hard Shoreline Golf Course/Urban Park Quarry

Subtotal Negligible Value Ecological Habitat

Rural Industrial Storage/Containers Landfill Others

Subtotal

5101.8

21572.7

2384.1

315.4

1398.3

168.6

30941

1379.2

404.3

12656.3

14440 Area (ha)% Cover Type

4.6

19.4

2.1

0.3

1.3

0.2

27.8

1.3

0.4

11.4

13.0

     Society Sources City Planning Consultants 1998?

Study on South East New Territories Development Review Strategy Final Report

. Hong Kong: HKSAR Planning Department. http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm

Projection of population distribution (2002-2011) and Area of HK by district: Planning Department - http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm--> look for "Information Services", then "Planning Statistics" Land Usage in different parts of HK: Town Planning Board http://www.info.gov.hk/tpb/index_e.htm --> go for "e-staturary plans" Demographic and social characteristics, economic characteristics, labor/employment, household characteristics, housing characteristics, GDP/GNP, etc, by district or the whole territory: Census & Statistics Department http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/fas/01c/01c_index.html

Statistics" Or, the Government's InvestHK website - http://www.investhk.gov.hk --> look for "Key Property types (residential, office, industrial, shop, large deals) and valuations at http://www.info.gov.hk/landreg/eindex.htm or Estate agents e.g. Centaline at: http://www.centanet.com/

Interest Groups/NGOs: Sources

  Good list of links at: http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/loc al/link_greengroups.html

http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local /link_greengroups.html

Sai Kung Association http://www.exploresaikung.com

Politics Sources

    Environmental Regulations and Guidelines http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/envir_standards/esg_maincont ent.html

Legco Panel on Environment and pending bills http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/ea_panel.ht

ml; http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/bills.html

Links to relevant government departments http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local/link_govorg.html

; http://www.info.gov.hk/orgindex.htm

Sai Kung District Council http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/sk/english/welcome.htm

Stakeholders, Awareness and Capacities Checklist

Environmental  Groups  Interests  Sector specific awareness  Financial and organizational capacities  Inter-group cooperation Economic  Businesses  Business groups  Labor groups  Environmental awareness  Change and fiscal capacities Social  Community and external interest groups  Environmental awareness  Leadership  Organizational capacities Political  Government levels and Departments  Environmental awareness  Spending capacities  Participation systems  Policies and enforcement

Community Sustainable Development

Why SusDev at the Community Level?

    Deal with environmental problems in a holistic manner Deal with contradictions between stakeholder expectations Avoid top-down planning and colonization Enable people to deal with their own environmental impacts directly

The

subsidiarity principle

The

subsidiarity principle

seeks to reverse the inefficiencies and environmental damage done by centralized planning and decision making. It requires that decisions should be made by the communities affected or on their behalf, by the authorities closest to them. As appropriate, decisions should rest either at the national rather than international level or at the local rather than the national level. This has been the basic principle governing the devolution of planning systems worldwide, and it is intended to encourage local ownership of resources and responsibility for environmental problems and their solutions.

Why Participation?

   Set priorities based on various stakeholder needs, but with focus on community Enable the development of long-term, comprehensive solutions Obtain information and foster support

     

ICLEI Elements of Community Planning

Local government and partners: organize for service delivery Partnerships: engagement of residents, key institutional partners, interest groups or other stakeholders that represent values and needs of community Community-based issue analysis: involves 1) engaging stakeholders to learn needs, local issues, educate, obtain support, set priorities and 2) technical assessments of ecology, infrastructure etc.

Action Planning: establishing 1) goals; 2) targets and triggers; 3) strategies and commitments Implementation and Monitoring: 1) changing procedures, reorganizing work tasks, assigning responsibilities and funding; 2) documentation during implementation and recurrent measurement of impacts after Evaluation and Feedback: assessment of impacts of changes for both internal and external uses

Who are your partners in service delivery?

What services do people want?

What is the capacity of existing service systems? Are they sustainable?

How do service systems impact society, economy, and environment?

When and how can sustainable service systems be established?

Targets Measurable commitments to be achieved in a specific time.

How will plans be monitored and evaluated?

Partnerships Establish an organizational structure for planning by service providers and users. Establish a shared community vision.

Community-based Issue Analysis Identify issues that must be addressed to achieve community vision. Assess priority problems and issues in detail.

Action Planning Agree on goals, targets and triggers, and create strategies and commitments to achieve targets. Formalize into plan.

Implementation and Monitoring Create partnership structures for implementation and mgt for municipal compliance. Monitor activities, changes Evaluation and Feedback Periodic performance evaluations using target-based indicators. Repeat issue analyses; celebrate achievements.

Elements of Community Planning Triggers Commitment to a specified action at a future date and/or response to future conditions.

When will further planning be required?

How will partners and users participate in implementation and evaluation?

Experts’ Role

   Functions Technical knowledge Participation promotion and facilitation Political and administrative knowledge      Decision-Making Tools Environmental, social, economic evaluation Indicators Industry knowledge Alternative management & technologies (environment, industry, services, residences,transportation, etc.) Trend, risk and options analysis

Stakeholder Participation

Who  Citizens   Business Government   NGOs and other groups Visitors Where  Sustainability plan initiation  Sustainability plan design    Operation of plan Monitoring and enforcement Evaluation of plan

Cultivation of Participation

      Public forums Scenario generation and envisioning Collective brainstorming Focus groups Networks and partnerships Adaptive management

Influences on Participation

                 Positive Specific focus Multi-party comprehension of problem Solutions in context Innovativeness and flexibility Conflict resolution skills Use of facilitator Capacity building Deliberate diversity Financial resources Commitment to communication Sense of ownership Wide participation Trust, transparency, & accountability Leadership and clarity North-south dimension Added value and specific projects Experts ‘on tap’             Negative Hidden agendas Inequality, competitiveness and intolerance Sectoralism Excessive dependence on external aid/expertise Inadequate administrative support Problem avoidance Mutual distrust Different jargons Poor methodology Sharp changes to structure Excessive complexity Over-reliance on experimental approaches

Problems with Community Approach

    Planning system and government structure Alienation in society and lack of sense of place Continued role of experts and management of expert-stakeholder interface Time and money considerations

Environmental Citizen Responsibilities

      Change everyday habits Be responsible consumers Engage in public debate Keep officials accountable Work with others Environmental literacy

Community Planning in Hong Kong

    No local government in HK Planning top-down, executive led District councils have limited power, don’t get involved in planning, involve people Plans satisfy territorial development rather than local needs

Hong Kong’s Planning Process Chief Executive’s instructions Planning study and drawing up Plan circulated to gov’t dept.s for comments Submission to Metro Planning Committee (MPC) or Rural/New Territories Committee (RNTC) Presentation to District Board Resubmission to MPC/RNTPC Gazzetted for public inspections TPB Submission and hearing

Public Input

C.E approves or disapproves.

Planning System in HK

Territorial Development Strategy Sub-regional Plans Outline Zoning Plans & Development Permission Area Plans Outline Development Plan Layout Plan Plans gazzetted and objections entertained

Western District Development Strategy (WDDS)

     Oldest neighborhood, many unique features and problems Opportunity for unique upgrading respecting traditions WDDS focused on land reclamation, MTR station, private sector led redevelopment for 50,000 Residents left up in air about completion, relocation, sustainability of businesses and way of life No alternatives provided

The Wanchai Experiment

 Goal: foster community engagement in the design of their neighbourhood  Focus: on the social aspects of sustainability and making participation a prerequisite for sustainability

Stakeholder Identification

By: walking around the neighborhood, talking to people, and study of baseline resources      The elderly Housewives Teenagers Business people Visitors and tourists

Engaging People

     Photo exhibition workshops Focus groups Talking to key individuals/leaders Face-to-face surveys Proposal workshop

Wanchai Engagement Results

Issue

Community space Pedestrianisation, market streets and markets Traffic congestion Local character Tourism appeal Elderly and marginalized Sensory Qualities

Proposals

e.g. redevelop Southhorn playground, public square, community centre e.g. Pedestrianize market streets and landscape Difficult to control, but pedestrianize and rationalize buses Conserve old bldgs, ‘chinese’ services and features in new bldgs Info centre, signage, cultural trail, experiences, appearance upgrading Housing required for street sleepers Individual and collective action

Santa Monica

 Small city (80,000) in Los Angeles (on the beach)   Started with Agenda 21 plan in 1994 Focused on targets and indicators dealing with 1) resource conservation; 2) Transportation; 3) Pollution Protection; and Community and Economic Development   Achieved many successes (next slide) Not “there” yet, new plan in 2003

Partnerships

   2001 formation of Sustainable City Working Group: community stakeholders including elected and appointed officials, City staff, and representatives of neighborhood organizations, business community, and other community groups.

Working Group met numerous times to discuss many issues related to sustainability of community Previous plan and early drafts were revised based on large amount of public input

Community Based Issue Analysis

Evaluated long-term sustainability against threats to:    Natural resources and natural environment Human and social capital: connectedness among people in the community and their education, skills and health Financial and built capital: manufactured goods, buildings, infrastructure, information resources, credit and debt.

Action Planning

     Guiding principles Goal areas with specific goals for community visions Targets Indicators: systems and programs Goal/Indicator matrix

Implementation and Monitoring

    City’s Task Force on Environment lead initiation Sustainable City Steering Committee with broader stakeholder representation will oversee implementation At City administrative level, a Sustainable City Implementation Group makes existing and new programs and policies consistent with sustainability goals within respective departments and across departments Two teams will coordinate with community stakeholder groups

Evaluation and Feedback

   Every two years, the Sustainable City Steering Committee and Sustainable City Implementation Group make and indicator report Used by City council, City Staff and community members to judge progress of plan Provide basis for decision-making on changing policies and actions

         Guiding Principles The concept of sustainability guides City policy Protection, preservation and restoration of the natural environment is a high priority of the City Environmental quality, economic health and social equity are mutually dependent All decisions have implications to the long-term sustainability of Santa Monica Community awareness, responsibility, participation and education are key elements of a sustainable community Santa Monica recognizes its linkage with the regional, national, and global community Those sustainability issues most important to the community will be addressed first and the most cost effective programs and policies will be selected The City is committed to procurement decisions which minimize negative environmental and social impacts Cross-sector partnerships are necessary to achieve sustainable goals

       

Goal Areas

Resource conservation Environmental and public health Transportation Economic Development Open space and land use Housing Community education and civic participation Human dignity

Goal Indicator Matrix

Huangbaiyu Village Tour: Exploring Sustainable Design

http://www.chinauscenter.org/Village Slideshow/

Southeast False Creek

is envisioned as a community in which people live, work, play and learn in a neighbourhood designed to balance the highest possible levels of social equity, livability, ecological health and economic prosperity, so as to support their choices to live in a sustainable manner.

South East False Creek

   32 ha of old industrial land 2,353 units for 4,949 people in public land, maybe, 8,575 in private lands range of parks and recreation along the waterfront; shoreline improvements; seaside pedestrian-bicycle route; re-establishment of wildlife habitat; private and community gardens encouraged.

Guiding Principles

1.Implementing Sustainability: SEFC should promote the implementation of sustainable development principles in an urban setting.

2.Stewardship of Ecosystem Health: The SEFC plan should improve the health of the False Creek Basin and encourage resource conservation and waste reduction.

3.Economic Viability and Vitality: SEFC development should ensure viability without subsidy and encourage a vibrant and vital community.

4.Social and Community Health: SEFC should be a livable, complete community supporting social networks and enhances quality of life for all in the neighbourhood.

Urban Agriculture Study

Urban Agriculture Study

Urban Agriculture Study Results

Urban Agriculture Study Results

Urban Agriculture Study Results

South East False Creek

Indicators and Targets https://www.vancouver.ca/commsvcs/ southeast/odp/pdf/sustainabilityindica tors.pdf

Issue and Gap Analysis

Determination of main environmental issues by 

or

Identifying problems raised in baseline studies (e.g. by issues such as ecosystem health, presence/absence of awareness, pollution levels, regulations and enforcement, participatory systems, activities elsewhere in similar sectors Pressure-State-Response).

  Identifying concerns of stakeholders (concerns about problems and conflicts with other stakeholders).

Benchmarking against other sustainable development models (comparable sectors, communities, and natural conditions)

Alternatives Generation

   Importation of successful models Development of new approaches based on new technologies, regulations, participation, overcoming conflicts, business approaches etc.

Sector specific and system wide changes

Stakeholder Feedback

  Return to stakeholders and ask opinions of your suggestions (feasibility re: stakeholder conflicts, technologies, regulations, awareness, etc; complexity or completeness) Inquire about willingness to participate, pay, lead

         

Indicators “What gets measured, gets managed”

Why: accountability, monitoring and assessment, targets, participation, commitments Measured by (who): government, industry, public, NGOs Measured by (what): physical, monetary and other values Measured at (where):national, local, sector levels Applications: environmental, social, economic, political Types: set, combined (index), framework (accounting; pressure, state, response), decoupling Created by: experts, stakeholders, government, public Requirements: representative, analytically sound, easily understood, practical, show trends Problems: weightings, valuations, integration, movement http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/47/24993546.pdf

Indicators and Monitoring System

  Develop a small set of indicators for whole sector Develop a system for evaluation of progress

HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles

HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles

HK SusDev 21 Indicators

HK SusDev 21 Indicators

HK SusDev 21 Indicators

Netherlands Sector Indicators Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Agriculture Traffic and Transportation Industry Acidification Eutrophication Toxic substance dispersion Climate change Acidification Disturbance of local environment Climate Change Acidification Solid Waste Indicator Ammonia emissions Phosphate emissions Pesticides CO2 emissions Nitrogen emissions Noise and odor CO2 emissions SO2 emissions NOX emissions Industrial and chemical waste

Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Energy Climate Change Acidification Solid Waste Refineries Climate change Acidification Toxic substance dispersion Indicator CO2 emissions SO2 emissions NOX emissions Fly ash and slag Radioactive waste CO2 emissions SO2 emissions Hazardous substances emissions

Target Group Performance Indicators Target Group Theme Building trade Climate change Toxic substances dispersion Solid waste Consumer and retail Climate change Acidification Solid Waste Indicator CO2 emissions CFC emissions Creosote and hazardous substances C&D waste CO2 emissions NO2 emissions Household and white good waste

OECD Pressure, State, Response Model

Integration with Community

    Consider cumulative and synergistic impacts with environment, society,economy, and politics Areas of overlap Need for mutual support Need for overall regulatory, cultural changes

Medium and Long Term Visions of Sustainability for Sai Kung

     Environment: local and global aspects?

Society, Economics and Politics?

What major changes are needed?

What strategy?

How does your sector fit into the vision?