Transcript Document 7142619

Occupational Safety and Health
Global Estimates (Annually)
• 1.2 million work-related deaths
• 250 million accidents
• 160 million work-related diseases
• 4% of gross national product is lost
Scale of accidents and incidents
in occupation
The cost of accidents and occupational diseases
in EU-15 countries ranges between
2.6...3.8% of GNP (Gross National Product)*
Investments of EU-25 countries in the science
1.86% GNP**
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One worker died every 2 hours
One worker became a victim of accident every 5 seconds
4900 fatalities occurred in 7.6 million accidents at work
4.9 million accidents resulted in more the 3 days of
absence from work
* Georgios Katalagarianakis (European Commision, DG Research), General Assembly of ETPIS, February 2007, Stuttgart.
** Eurostat, OECD.
The Costs of China's Modernization
Industrial accidents and disasters are responsible for
over one million casualties and the loss of six
percent of GDP every year.
Occupational Injuries (Hong Kong)
Acknowledgement to Hong Kong Occupational Safety and Health Council
Industrial Accidents (Hong Kong)
Occupational Diseases
Number of Confirmed
Occupational Diseases in 2001
Terminology
• Safety - Control of accidental loss
• Accident - Any undesired circumstance
which gives rise to all health or injury;
damage to property, products or
environment; production losses; or
increased liabilities.
• Incident - all undesired circumstances &
near miss which have the potential to
cause accidents.
Pyramid of accidents
Serious
injury
Minor
injury
Properties damages
Incidents (near miss)
What Causes Injuries?
Acts of
God
2%
Unsafe
Conditions
20%
20%
Unsafe
Acts
78%
78 %
UNSAFE CONDITIONS
ACTS OF GOD
UNSAFE ACTS
© Texas Workers’ Compensation Insurance Fund 2001
Cost of accidents
• Economic - insured & uninsured
• Legal - Civil & Criminal liability
• Social - Morale, Image………..
Economic Cost
$1
$ 1-3
$ 5-50
Insured cost
Uninsured
misc. cost
Uninsured
properties
damage
cost
Economic cost
• Uninsured Misc. :
– Efficiency
– Medical
– Administration & Legal
• Uninsured properties damage
– Damaged machinery & materials lost
– Production down time
– increased insurance premiums
Legal cost
• Criminal liability (fine & imprisonment)
– Factory & Industrial Undertaking Ordinance
– Occupational Safety & Health Ordinance
– Other legislation
• Civil liability (compensation)
– Law of contract
– Law of tort
Social Cost
•
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•
Relation with employee (Morale)
Business opportunity
Public relation
Social image
Accident Case Study
REMEMBER………………………..
No job is so important and No
service is so urgent – that we
cannot take time to perform our
work safely.
Unsafe Act
or
Unsafe Condition
Industrial safety: among major problems
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Industrial safety
Running down of traditional energy sources
Reliability of supply of energy sources
Terrorism
Global warming
BP accident in Texas City (23th March 2005)*
* Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European
Council, March 2007, Brussels
BP accident in Texas City
• 15 workers killed
• 170 people injured
• Extensive damage to the plant and nearby town
Dailly Telegraph 2007 02 12, “Funds turn screw”
A group of 39 UK public sector pension funds are turning the
screw on BP over the oil major’s safety failures. The Local
Authority Person Fund Forum whose members have over 70
* Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS Mirror Group Meeting, European
Council, March 2007, Brussels
Gas Leakage at HKU
• Mishandling of acid in
an open area
• Safety procedures
have not been
followed
• Loose supervision
• Evacuation enforced
after the accident
HP water cleaning
• Workers not properly
trained for the safe use
of equipment
• Equipment malfunction
• Loose supervision &
unclear working
procedures
• Use of PPE (Personal
Protective Equipment )
may help
Drainage Construction
• (星島日報報道)屯門掃管笏路一個水務
署鋪設排水渠地盤，昨午發生塌泥活埋
工人慘劇。兩名地盤雜工在地坑中工作
時，疑因連日天雨沖失泥土，逾噸重的
沙泥突然蓋下，其中一人及時走避，另
一人則不幸遭活埋。消防員花兩小時才
將其挖出，惟已告回天乏術…
• 勞工處人員事後到場調查，發現地坑內
並無安全措施設置，初步懷疑有人為疏
忽釀成意外，但真正原因仍要進一步了
解。勞工處人員表示，一般情況下，地
盤負責人有責任在工程前進行危險評詁，
顯然這個地盤無進行此項工作。
Residence Building Site
• （星島日報報道）觀塘月華街兩個月
前造成一死兩傷的簷篷倒塌意外，引
起各方關注。屋宇署調查報告指出，
意外是由於拆卸非法鐵籠，而引致簷
篷倒塌。該署已將報告轉交律政司考
慮進一步行動。法律界人士說，這宗
個案將涉及複雜的訴訟程序，但有關
單位業主及承建商，均可能面對入獄
及罰款的刑責。
• 法律界人士說，這宗意外將會涉及復
雜的訴訟程序，業主作為僭建物擁有
人，一定要承擔法律責任
HAZARD AWARENESS
HAZARD AWARENESS
Identify unsafe acts and conditions
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An unsafe act is something that a person habitually does that may
result in an accident.
An unsafe condition is something about the physical environment that
may present a danger.
Determine the corrective actions
–
Safety shall take corrective action to eliminate the cause of
nonconformities in order to prevent recurrence. Corrective action, and
the response time to initiate such actions, shall be appropriate to the
consequences of the nonconformities.
Implement corrective actions
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Administrative (through personnel, management, monitoring, limiting
worker exposure, measuring performance, training and education,
housekeeping and maintenance.)
Engineering (isolation of source, lockout procedure, design, process or
procedural changes, monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or
material substitution.)
PPE (body protection, fall protection.)
Can you find the hazard(s)?
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Is there a Hazard?
How about now?
Common Workplace Hazards
Fire and preventions
Safety in Lifting Operations
Machinery Safety
Working at Heights
Chemical Safety
Electrical Safety
Office
Fire
• combustible materials used for partitions, fixtures and
furniture increase the fire loading in the premises. Due to
the lack of proper maintenance and carelessness of staff,
fire would be easily occurred.
• common causes of fire
– smoking materials left unattended
– use of flammable liquid and dangerous substances
– electrical fire due to short circuit or overloading of electrical
apparatuses
– mishandling or naked flame (e.g. lighters, matches,candles etc)
– arson
– obstruction in means of escape
Fire
• Fire prevention
– smoking materials
– use of electrical equipment
– use of flammable liquids
– good housekeeping
– maintenance of Fire Services
Installation and Equipment
(FSI)
Safety in Lifting operation
• Life appliance
– crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, crane,
sheerlegs, excavators, pile driver, pile
extractor, dragline, aerial ropeway, aerial
cable-way transporter, overhead runaway
• lifting gear
– chain sling, ring, link, hook, plate clamp,
shackle, swivel/eyebolt
Safety in Lifting operation
• causes of lifting accidents
– lack of training
– poor maintenance
– correct plant and equipment not available
– misuse of plant and equipment
– hurry to get the job done
Machinery Safety
• Hazards associated with machines
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traps
impact
contact
entanglement
ejection
• Provision of effective machine layout
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spacing
lighting
cables and pipes
ergonomics
Machinery Safety
• machine layout
– spacing : to facilitate access of operation, supervision,
maintenance, adjustment and cleaning
– lighting: general and local (for specific operations)
– cable and pipes: to allow safe access and to avoid
tripping, with sufficient headroom
– ergonomics: provision of seating, correct placing of
controls, positioning of operating stations and height
of work tables
Working at Heights
• works at height - definition
– any person who is working at a level
liable to fall a distance more than 2
meters
• examples
– fall of person due to collapse of
scaffold or ladder
– fall from height
– fall from working platform, gangway,
lift shaft and stairway
– falling objects
Working at Heights
• provision of suitable
measures
– safe use of scaffold
• provision of working platform,
gangways and runs
• provision of guard rails
– safe use of ladders
• correct pitch (1 meter for every 4
m vertical height)
• when locate in doorway, have a
man to look after the bottom of
the ladder
• inspect ladder before use and
regularly
Chemical Safety
• Classification of dangerous substances
– explosive
– harmful
– flammable
– toxic
– corrosive
– oxidizing
– irritant
Chemical Safety
• Steps to reduce risk
– labels on containers and
receptacles
– planning for chemical safety
• identification of the hazard to be
controlled
• assessment of the risk
• control of the risk
• training of staff
• monitoring the effectiveness of the
strategy
• necessary record-keeping
Electrical Safety
• Hazards
– electrical shock
– arc eyes
– ignition of combustible
materials
– overheating and
damage to equipment
– electrical explosion
• causes
– damaged insulation
– inadequate systems of
work
– inadequate over current
protection (e.g.. fuse,
CB)
– inadequate earthing
– carelessness
– loose contacts and
connectors
– unprotect connectors
– poor maintenance and
testing
Electrical Shock
• Received when current
passes through the body
• Severity of the shock
depends on:
– Path of current through the
body
– Amount of current flowing
through the body (Currents
greater than 75 mA)
– Length of time the body is in
the circuit
Recognize the Hazards
Recognize the Hazards
Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead lines
Office – Potential Risk in office
• Visible Risk
– Working with computer
• Occupational Safety and Health
(Display Screen Equipment)
Regulation
– Personal Health
• Poor Working Condition
– temperature, air quality, sound
level, lighting
• Invisible
– Work pressure
Common Office Safety and
Health Hazards
What’s Wrong Here?
VDT Work Positions in Office
The following are important considerations when
attempting to maintain neutral body postures
while working at the computer workstation:
•Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight, inline and roughly parallel to the floor.
Head is level, or bent slightly forward,
forward facing, and balanced. Generally it is
in-line with the torso.
•Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms hang
normally at the side of the body.
•Elbows stay in close to the body and are
bent between 90 and 120 degrees.
VDT Work Positions in Office
The following are important considerations when
attempting to maintain neutral body postures
while working at the computer workstation:
•Feet are fully supported by floor or footrest.
•Back is fully supported with appropriate
lumbar support when sitting vertical or
leaning back slightly.
•Thighs and hips are supported by a wellpadded seat and generally parallel to the
floor.
•Knees are about the same height as the hips
with the feet slightly forward.
Common Causes of Back
Injuries
Twisting at the
waist while
lifting or
holding a heavy
load . . . this
frequently happens
when using a
shovel.
Common Causes of Back
Injuries
Lifting or carrying
objects with awkward
or odd shapes . . . .
Common Causes of Back
Injuries
Sitting or standing too long in
one position ... Sitting can be
very hard on the lower
back ...
Common Causes of Back
Injuries
It is also possible
to injure your
back slipping on
a wet floor or ice . . .
Things You Can Do
• Minimize problems with your back by
exercises that tone the muscles in
your back, hips and thighs.
• Before beginning any exercise
program, you should check with your
doctor
Exercise!
• Exercise regularly, every other day.
Warm up slowly . . . A brisk walk is a
good way to warm up
Inhale deeply before each repetition
of an exercise and exhale when
performing each repetition.
Safety Suggestions
• Safety can be achieved at reasonable cost
• Do it right at the first time or you have to
pay more
• Safety is everyone’s responsibility
• Safety requires management support
• Safety is a culture & not just a movement
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
EYE PROTECTION
Eye protection comes in different types. Goggles are
designed for solid or liquid hazards that are airborne
and in a quantity that there is a greater likelihood of
contact with or near the eye. Safety eyeglasses with
protective side shields are designed for eye
protection when the hazard is more casual by nature
and the hazard(s) is of low quantity and likelihood.
EYE PROTECTION
Eyes may need protection from hazards other than
those that include a physical contact with the eye.
For example, UV light can cause permanent damage
to vision.
EYE / FACE PROTECTION
For more severe hazards, full face
protection is needed. Examples of
this are heavy grinding and heavy
spraying or splashing. The full face
shield not only protects the eyes, but
the entire facial area as well. The
face shield affords extra protection
against
hazards
involving
temperature extremes or hazardous
chemicals. Due to the wide opening
on the sides and bottom of the face
shield, protective eyewear must be
worn along with the face shield.
HEAD PROTECTION
Hard hats are necessary to protect workers
against hazards that include falling objects
and overhead hazards in general. There are
different types of hard hats. Some hats are
designed to protect only against bumps
(low overhead hazards), while others afford
protection against falling objects. Metal
hard hats should not be worn when there is
a potential for contact with anything
electrical. Hard hats must conform with the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check
the label on the hat for compliance with this
standard.
FOOT PROTECTION
Proper footwear can afford a level of
protection for the feet and toes. Steel-toed
boots or shoes protect toes against the
crushing hazard of falling objects, such
involved with pipe moving or heavy material
handling.
Rubber boots protect the feet
against chemical hazards.
For chemical
hazards, check with your MSDS’.
Footwear should also be selected based on
protection from the walking/working surface.
Construction sites with nails, or rough terrain
including sharp rocks will require shoes or
boots with sturdy, puncture-resistant soles.
OTHER PROTECTION
Respiratory and hearing protection, if required, will be
covered separately. A specific policy will be provided
for each/either if the use of this protective equipment is
required.
A Brief Guide to the Occupational
Safety and Health Ordinance
• Purposes of the Ordinance
• General Duties of Employers
• Duties of Occupier of
Premises
• Duties of Employees
• Duties of Person Responsible
for a Workplace
Purposes of the Ordinance
• To ensure the safety and health of employees
when they are at work;
• To prescribe measures that will make the
workplaces of employees safer and healthier for
them;
• To improve the safety and health standards
applicable to certain hazardous processes, plant
and substances used or kept in workplaces; And.
• To improve the safety and health aspects of
working environments of employees.
General Duties of Employers
• Provide and maintain plant and system of work that are
safe and without risks to health;
• Make arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of
risks to health in connection with the use, handling,
storage or transport of plant or substances;
• Provide information, instruction, training and supervision
as may be necessary to ensure the safety and health at
work;
• Maintain workplace including the means of access to
and egress from the workplace in a condition that is safe
and without risks to health; And
• Provide and maintain workplace and working
environment that are safe and without risks to health.
Duties of Occupier of Premises
• To ensure that the
premises, the
means of access to
and egress from the
premises and any
plant or substances
kept at the premises
are safe and without
risks to health.
Duties of Employees
• Take care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who
are at the workplace.
• Co-operate with employer or other person so far as may be necessary to
enable safety and health requirements are complied with.
• do not damage or obstruct means of escape from a workplace.
• do not damage or interfere with fire safety measures.
• use the mechanical aid and protective equipment provided by the
employer for use in manual handling operations and conform to the
system of work and work practices established by the employer for these
operations.
EMPLOYEE RIGHTS
• as far as possible, to have any risks to your health and
safety properly controlled
• to be provided, free of charge, with any personal
protective and safety equipment
• if you have reasonable concerns about your safety, to
stop work and leave your work area, without being
disciplined
• to tell your employer about any health and safety
concerns you have
• to get in touch with the Health and Safety Executive
(HSE) or your local authority if your employer won't listen
to your concerns, without being disciplined
• to have rest breaks during the working day, to have time
off from work during the working week, and to have
annual paid holiday
EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
RESPONSIBILITY to comply with all policies and procedures
RESPONSIBILITY to report all unsafe acts and conditions
RESPONSIBILITY to be a team member - to assist others in
compliance
RESPONSIBILITY to offer suggestions that may have a positive
impact on safety
Duties of Person Responsible
for a Workplace
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Accident Prevention
Fire Precautions
Workplace Environments
Hygiene at Workplaces
First Aid at Workplaces
Manual Handling Operations
Risk assessment
Preventive and protective measures
Penalty
• Employee
– maximum fine of $50,000
and 6 months'
imprisonment.
• The person responsible
for a workplace
– maximum fine of $200,000
and 12 months'
imprisonment.