Transcript Sub-Groups of American History Leaders of our past for key groups

Sub-Groups of
American History
Leaders of our past for key groups
throughout American History
1
Puritans valued family, literacy, parental
direction.
 Chesapeake colonies had shorter life span due to
disease and had fewer children with fewer
families.
 Indentured servants were used more than
slaves; 40% of indentured servants die before
they achieve their freedom. As economics
changed in Europe, fewer people needed
indentured servants, so slavery became the “new
option.”

Life in the Colonies
2



Men were in the power positions, and situations
like Anne Hutchinson or the Salem Witch Trials as
moments when women attempted to influence
government.
In the Puritan society, the women had no
decision-making ability; they could be be
member of the church (like the men) but the
women still could not vote.
Thanksgiving with Squanto and the Pilgrims;
Pocahontas and John Smith; King Philip’s War are
examples of culture clash.
Life in the Colonies
3

“A Powhatan tribal
member, she
“saved” John
Smith’s life. She
later marries and
Englishman and
goes to England
and received
royally. She
becomes ill and dies
there.”
Pocahontas (1595-1617)
4

In Plymouth colony
he was made Gov.
William Bradford's
Indian emissary.
He was credited
with participating
the 1st Thanksgiving
Squanto (1585-1623)
5

“She held
unorthodox views
that challenged the
authority of the
clefty and views the
very integrity of the
Puritan experience
in Massachusetts
Bay Colony.”
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
6

Also known as “Metacom”,
this Wampanoag chief
planned an attack for 13
years by planning
alliances with other tribes
against the Puritans. The
Puritans got the Iroquois
to join them and King
Philip was defeated. A
higher % of colonists
were killed in this war
than the American
Revolution War later.
King Philip (1675)
7

Founded the 1st
Catholic settlement in
California in the mid18th century.

Franciscan priest who
traveled from Spain
to Mexico to set up
missions, some of
which became San
Diego & San
Francisco.
Father Junipero Serra
(1713-1784)
8

Kidnapped as a boy from Africa,
Equiano survived the Middle
Passage to live a life of a slave.
Later he bought his freedom and
became an abolitionist in
England.

He wrote “The Interesting
Narrative of Olaudah Equiano”

The 18th century was the busiest
time of the slave trade, as over
6 million people were brought
over. By the end of the 1700’s,
slaves made up 80% of the
Caribbean colonies.
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797
9

Shawnee chief, along with
his brother “The Prophet”,
pushed for Indian
alliances among tribes
and the English. In the
Battle of Tippencanoe,
William Henry Harrison
defeats “The Prophet” and
the hope of the Indians.

“The Great Spirit gave
this great land to his red
children.”
Tecumseh (early 1800’s)
10

As a member of the Liberty
Boys, he led colonists against
the Redcoats in Boston; he
becomes one of 5 who were
killed in the “Boston Massacre.”
“This Attucks…appears to have
undertaken to be the hero of the
night and to lead this army with
banners…up to King Street with
their clubs… This man with his
party cried, ‘Do not be afraid of
them!’ He had hardiness enough
to fall in upon them!” –John
Adams’ account of the Boston
Massacre.
Crispus Attucks
11





After the American Revolution, the population
was doubling every 25 years. There was also a
migration west.
After indentured servant “volunteers” decreased
and the cotton gin was invented, slavery became
the major source of manpower in the South.
The growth of markets for farm products in the
cities, coupled with the liberal land policies of the
federal government let to steady growth in staple
agricultural crops.
Before 1815, there were not many public
schools; most education was private.
Women were considered unfit for academics.
Life in the New Nation
12
In 1808, trade for slaves through the Middle
Passage was outlawed, if not always obeyed.
Slave marriages were not recognized and slave
families could be separated when slaves were
sold “down the river” towards New Orleans.
 The Native Americans had split on their loyalities
during the French-Indian War. During the
American Revolution, most had sided with the
French.
 Thomas Jefferson was one of the first to consider
the idea of moving the Indians to a “reservation”
system.

Life in the New Nation
13

“1st great woman
poet, whose poetry
revolved around her
faith and religious
themes. When her
first poetry book was
published, many did
not believe a former
slave had written it.
John Hancock
vouched for her
authorship.”
Phyllis Wheatley (1753-1784)
14

15 year old wife of
a French fur trader,
this Mandan Indian
maiden (with her
baby son) went
along with Lewis &
Clark to serve as an
interpreter.
Sacajawea (1804)
15
“If particular care and
attention is not paid
to the ladies, we
are determined to
foment a rebellion,
and will not hold
ourselves bound by
any laws in which
we have no voice,
or representation.”
Abigail Adams (1744-1818)
16

Dolly saved many
important
documents and a
portrait of President
Washington when
the British burned
the Capitol during
the War of 1812.
Dolly Madison
17
There was a movement to allow all white males
to vote (versus just the land-owning gentry)
under Jackson: “Age of the Common Man.”
 Free blacks in the South were usually excluded
from the polls, and even in Northern states.
 Jackson supported the removal of all Indian
tribes to west of the Miss. River. The Indian
Removal Act (1830) and the refusal to enforce
the Worcester v. Ga Supreme Court case sealed
their fate.

Life in the Jacksonian &
Antebellum Eras
18

Europeans such as Alex Touqueville described Americans as being
restless, compulsive joiners of groups, committed to progress,
hard-working, hard-playing, and driven to acquire wealth.

These Americans talked of equality, but the reality of the system
led to class society and mob incidents.

The Transcendentalists began in Concord, Mass. Led by Ralph
Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Emily Dickinson
repudiated the repression of society, the use of civil disobedience,
and the lessons learned from nature.

Manifest Destiny is completed in President Polk’s adminstration.
Life in the Jacksonian and
Antebellum Eras
19

Protestant Revivalism became a powerful force, including Charles Finney’s
“Social Gospel”.

Women’s temperance movements started in 1826, though many
immigrants fought it.

Dorthea Dix, Seneca Falls, and the Abolitionist Movement began during
this period.

Birth rates began to drop, especially in cities. Children were more
economic liabilities than assets. Immigration increased in the cities.

The 1st Industrial Revolution occurs, and for the 1st time, there were more
wage earners than self-employed Americans. “King Cotton took over in
the South.” Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner planned to
lead slave revolts.
Life in the Jacksonian and
Antebellum Eras
20

Cherokee man, also
known as “George
Guess” created the
1st written language
for a Native
American tribe.

It was a syllabury,
based on syllables
rather than letters.
Sequoyah
21

Cherokee chief who
won Worcester v.
Georgia, only to
watch President
Andrew Jackson
refuse to support
the decision. Chief
Ross later was
forced to lead his
tribe on the “Trail of
Tears” to Oklahoma.
John Ross (1830’s)
22

Cult of Domesticity: The
prevailing view in the
early 1800’s that a
woman’s roles were to be
housework, child care,
and teaching.

Lowell Mill hired women
for less pay than men
(though it did pay more
than teaching). They’d
work 13 hours a day.
They later organized the
1st strike by women
workers.
Cult of Domesticity v. The Lowell Mill
23

Clara served as a
nurse during the
Civil War and later
started the Red
Cross.

She went to
Andersonville Prison
in Georgia to
identify graves of
fallen Union
prisoners.
Clara Barton
24

As a prison and asylum
reformer, she focused on
rehabilitation & treatment
for the sick and
imprisoned.

“Injustice is also done to
the convicts: it is certainly
very wrong that they
should be doomed day
after day and night after
night to listen to the
ravings of manmen and
madwomen.”
Dorthea Dix (
25

Attended the National
Anti-Slavery Society and
befriended Lucretia Mott.

They held the women’s
rights convention in
Seneca Fall, New York in
1848.

“We hold these truths to
be self-evident: that all
men and women are
created equal.”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
26

With Elizabeth
Stanton, she planned
the Seneca Falls
Women’s Right
Convention. She gave
the opening speech &
closing speech.

She was a Quaker!

She and her husband
later became a “stop”
on the Underground
RR.
Lucretia
Mott
27

These sisters were daughters
of a slave owner in South
Carolina. These ladies began
to speak for the abolition of
slaves.

Angelina wrote An Appeal to
Christian women of the
South that spelled out the
evils of slavery.

The Massachusetts clergy
criticized the ladies for
assuming the “place & tone
of man as public reformers.”
Sarah & Angelina Grimke
28

Part of the
Transcendentalism
Movement in the
mid-1800’s, Alcott
joined Ralph Waldo
Emerson and Henry
David Thoreau in the
belief of “living a
simple life and
celebrating the truth
found in nature and
in personal emotion
and imagination.”
Emily Dickinson
29

In 1849, she
became the 1st
woman to graduate
from a medical
college.

She later opened
the Infirmary for
Women and
Children.
Elizabeth Blackwell
30

Isabella Baumfree was
born a slave, but became
on July 4, 1827, when
New York abolished
slavery. She then traveled
the country preaching and
arguing for abolition of
slaves.

“Ain’t I a woman? I could
work as much as eat as
much as a man…and bear
the lash as well. Ain’t I a
woman?”
Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)
31

Slave preacher who
was moved by the
story of Moses
leading the
Israelites out of
slavery. He leads a
revolt that leads to
many deaths,
including his own.
Nat Turner (1800-1831)
32

Known as “Black Moses”,
she led 300+ people to
freedom on the
Underground RR after the
Fugitive Slave Act.

A $40,000 bounty was put
on her for her capture!

She later served as a spy
for the North during the
Civil War.
Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)
33

Abolitionist who
wrote Uncle Tom’s
Cabin in 1852.

Later, during the
Civil War, Stowe
met President
Lincoln who said:
“So this is the little
lady who made the
big war.”
Harriet Beecher Stowe
(1811-1896)
34

Slave who got his
friends to “mail”
him to freedom
from Virginia to the
Abolitionist Society
in Philadelphia.

He spent 28 hours
in a 4 foot box with
biscuits and water.
Henry “Box” Brown (1815-???)
35

Former slave who
spoke & wrote
eloquently about
abolition of slavery.

Published the North
Star newspaper.

Pushed President
Lincoln for
emancipation of
slaves during Civil
War.
Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)
36

Sherman’s “total warfare” devastated life in the South:
10% of the men had died, property had been destroyed,
value in slaves was lost, land was confiscated,
carpetbaggers & scalawags attempted to dominate, and
the Ku Klux Klan begins to limit the rights of the newly
freedmen.

Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall dominated local city politics
and Confederate leaders were prohibited from holding
office or voting.

Corruption in Grant’s time, Election of 1876, and
Cleveland’s tenure led to increased power by Congress.
Civil War, Reconstruction,
New South
37

Henry Grady’s idea of the “New South” led to an expanse
of business and industry, rather than just agriculture in the
South.

Robber Barons such as Andrew Carnegie, John D.
Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P. Morgan gain great
wealth in their monopolies.

Skyscrapers, immigrants, Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty
become big parts of America.

Social Gospel for better health, education and living
conditions (besides spritual salvation) became the focus of
those like Jane Addams.
Civil War, Reconstruction,
New South
38

Temperance Movement (Carrie Nation) and Labor Unions (Samuel
Gompers) begin to grow. Also missionaries for “White Man’s Burden”
becomes a goal for North America.

Industrial Revolution with Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, etc.
occurs.

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois become leaders in the “Separate
but Equal” time.

Latin American trade increases under President Hayes; 1st ideas of a canal
through Nicaragua is proposed.

Native Americans win “Little Big Horn” but lose the war and are forced
onto reservations.

Mark Twain becomes the writer of the age.
Civil War, Reconstruction,
New South
39

The most famous
Hispanic of the Civil
War and the 1st to
achieve the rank of
admiral.

He captured many
Confederate ships
and secured New
Orleans for the
Union during the
war.
David
Farragut
(1801-1870)
40

Leader of the Nez Perce
Indians, who led 750
people 1400 miles in a
flight to Canada from the
U.S. Army.

Treat all men alike. Give
them all the same law.
Give them all an even
chance to live and grow.
All men wer made by the
same Great Spirit Chief.”
Chief Joseph (1840-1904)
41

Sioux chief who
defeated George
Custer at Little Big
Horn in June 1876.

Sitting Bull later
joined Buffalo Bill
Cody’s Wild West
Show that toured
the world.
Sitting Bull (1831-1890)
42

Chief of the
Apaches, he was
the last leader to
surrender in the
Red River War; it
was one of the
bloodiest Indian
conflicts.
Geronimo (1829- 1909)
43

President of Tuskegee
Institute

Saw education as key
during the “Separate But
Equal” time

1st African-American to be
invited to a White House
dinner (TR)

5 Finger Speech
Booker T. Washington
(1856-1915)
44

Founder of the Niagara
Movement (later the
NAACP), Dubois disagreed
with Booker T. Washington
on how to move against the
“separate but equal”
mandate of the Supreme
Court in the 1890’s.

“Souls of Black Folk” was his
greatest writing, and it called
for a demand in equality for
African-Americans and to
educate the “Top 10%” of
African-Americans in
universities.
W.E.B. Dubois
45

Born into slavery, she
moved to Memphis after
emancipation. She worked
as a teacher and
newspaper editor.

“This is what opened my
eyes to what lynching
really was. An excuse to
get rid of Negroes who
were acquiring wealth and
property and thus keep
the race terrorized.”
Ida Wells (1880’s)
46

Great educator and
scientist, Carver
taught at Tuskegee
Institute and help
diversify farming
techniques such as:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Crop rotation
Peanut usage
Soybean usage
Sweet potato usage
George Washington Carver
(1864-1943)
47

Worked for women’s
rights for 50 years.

Wrote a weekly
paper: The
Revolution, which
stressed the
importance of
women’s suffrage.

She’s on the silver
dollar coin.
Susan B. Anthony
(1820-1906)
48

As a nurse, she
opened the 1st clinic
for women and the
distribution of birth
control information.

She later founded
the group that
became “Planned
Parenthood”.
Margaret Sanger (1920’s)
49

Populists wanted a silver standard, a graduated
income tax, rural postal system, public
ownership of RR, telephone, & telegraph, 8 hour
workday, 1 single 6-year term for the President,
and direct election of U.S. Senators.

Jane Addams’ Hull House helped settle new
immigrants from Greece, Germany, Italy, Poland,
and Russia.

Progressives led to Hepburn Act (inter-state
commerce) and Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
Populists- Roaring Twenties
50

Baseball and basketball are launched as major
leagues.

Progressives included honest government,
economic regulation, environmental concerns
including building and controlling the Panama
Canal (which was completed in 1914).

National American Woman Suffrage Association,
leading to the 19th amendment in 1920.

The Prohibition movement led to the 18th
amendment, which outlawed alcohol.
Populists – Roaring Twenties
51

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vazetti were immigrants who were
admitted anarchists, who were tried for murder and robbery.
Their trials were seen as being unfair after their convictions.

“Flappers” represented the wild, urban times after WWI. The
younger generation’s reaction to the death and destruction of the
“War to End All Wars” occurred during this time that 51% of the
U.S. population lived in urban areas (the first time that had
happened). Margaret Sanger’s birth control discussions were
controversial.

There was a Great Migration of African-Americans to the cities as
the “separate but equal” life in the South as tenant farmers &
sharecroppers had left many to move to better lifestyles.

The 1920’s saw a continuance of Mexican workers to the U.S. and
the start of massive immigration from Puerto Rico to New York.
Populists-Roaring Twenties
52

1st great African-American
trumpet player and band
leader.

Armstrong made personal
expression a vital part of
jazz performance.

“When I get to the Pearly
Gates, I’ll play a duet with
Gabriel. We’ll play ‘Sleepy
Time Down South’. He
wants to be remembered
for his music just like I
do.”
Louis Armstrong
53


Probably the greatest
vocalist of the 1920’s
during the Harlem
Renaissance, she
became the highest
paid African-American
performer in 1927.
The Harlem
Renaissance was a
time of great social
and cultural changes
that occurred during
the Roaring Twenties.
Bessie Smith
54

Called for a
separate society for
African-Americans.
He later encouraged
people to move
back to Africa. His
legacy was one of
an awakened black
pride, economic
independence, and
reverence for
Africa.
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)
55

A Los Angles-based
preacher who used
flowing Satin robes
and a theatrical
delivery to preach
her conservative
religious views. She
later was one of the
1st ministers to use
the radio for her
sermons against
evolution.
Aimee Semple McPherson(1920’s)
56
 The quintessential
modern, young woman of
the 1920’s, this flapper
lived a bohemian life in
Greenwich Village, NY.

“My candle burns at both
end; it will not last the
night; But ah, my foes,
and oh, my friends– it
gives a lovely light!”“First Fig” by Millay.
Edna St. Vincent Millay
57

Great painter of the
1920’s, she is best
known for her
paintings of flowers
and the grandeur of
New York City.

“I will make even
busy New Yorkers
take time to see
what I see in
flowers.”
Georgia O’Keefe
58

A leader of the
Harlem
Renaissance,
Hughes imbued his
poetry with the
rhythms of the jazz
and blues music of
the age.

Dreams of freedom
and equality were
themes in his work.
Langston Hughes
59

One of the greatest
composers of the
20th century, he
also led the band at
Harlem’s Cotton
Club for many
years.

“Ellington plays the
piano, but his real
instrument is his
band.”
Duke Ellington (1899-1974)
60

1st woman to fly across
the Atlantic Ocean & the
1st to receive a pilot’s
license.

She attempted to fly
around the world at its
widest point, but lost
radio contact around the
Pacific islands.

She inspired girls to
consider non-traditional
careers.
Amelia Earhart
(1897-1937)
61

African-Americans suffered more than any other group
during the Great Depression. 40% were still sharecroppers
who were hurt by the initial AAA plans of the New Deal.

The Indian Reorganization Act restored tribal ownership of
lands, recognized tribal constitutions, and gave loans to
help develop tribal lands under the CCC plan.

Few programs of the New Deal were designed to help the
Mexican American workers, and many were replaced by
white Americans who had lost their other jobs.

Housewives learned to “make do” with what they had for
their families at home, while their husbands traveled
around, looking for work.
Great Depression- 1960’s
62

FDR’s “Fireside Chats” were weekly radio programs that
encouraged the Americans that “the only thing we have to fear is
fear itself.”

Truman begins the de-segregation of society by ordering the
military to end its segregated units.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Little Rock Guardsmen,
March on Washington “I Have a Dream”, Civil Rights Act, Voting
Registration Act were passed to begin Civil Rights era.

Malcolm X & Black Power Movement (Stokely Carmichael) also
starts up.

Cult of feminine domesticity re-emerged after “Rosie the Riveter”
movement of WWII.
Great Depression – 1960’s
63

Cesar Chavez starts the United Farm Workers’ Organizing
Committee to unionize Mexican-American workders.

Native Americans start AIM (American Indian Movement) in
1968. In the 1970’s, they will begin to bring lawsuits.

The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan argued that
middle-class society stifled women and did not let them
use their talents. She attacked the “cult of domesticity”
and formed the National Organization of Women (NOW).
They pushed (unsuccessfully) for the E.R.A. amendment to
be passed by Congress and the states.
Great Depression-1960’s
64

Niece of Teddy Roosevelt,
Eleanor married Franklin
and thrived in the role of
“First Lady”. She spoke
out on issues such as
child welfare, housing
reform, Tuskegee Airmen,
and equal rights for
women & minorities.

She later served as the
U.S. ambassador to the
U.N.
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)
65

A documentary
photographer during
the Great Depression,
Lange’s images
showed the sufferings
of the rural poor in
our nation.

“One should really
use the camera as
though tomorrow
you’d be stricken
blind.”
Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)
66
After witnessing the
Triangle Shirtwaist
Factory fire in 1911,
she pledged to fight
for labor reforms,
especially for women.
She later became the
1st woman to serve in
the Cabinet; she was
the Sec. of Labor for
FDR.
Frances Perkins (1882-1965)
67

Born in Savannah,
O’Connor’s stories
of the South dealt
with strange,
unusual characters
and spiritual
thoughts about
deep issues.

Most famous work:
“It’s Hard to Find a
Good Man”
Flannery O’Connor (1925-1964)
68

1st AfricanAmerican to play
Major League
Baseball.

1st ever Rookie of
the Year winner.

Born in Cairo, Ga.

Spoke to Congress
for racial equality
Jackie Robinson
69

Winning lawyer of
the Brown v. Bd. Of
Education case.

1st African-American
to serve on the U.S.
Supreme Court.

“In recognizing the
humanity of our fellow
beings, we pay ourselves the
highest tribute.”—Thurgood
Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)
70

In 1955, Rosa was arrested in
Montgomery, Alabama for not
giving up her seat to a white
passenger. Her case led to a bus
boycott led by Dr. King, Jr.

Ms. Parks won the Congressional
Gold Medal in 1999- the nation’s
highest civil honor. Bill Clinton
said, “Her action that December
day was, in itself, a simple one;
but it required uncommon
courage…Rosa Parks’ short bus
trip, and all the distance she has
traveled in the years since, have
brought the American people
ever closer to the promised land
we know it can truly be.”
Rosa Parks
71

Civil Rights
Movement of NonViolence

Led SCLC

Won Nobel Peace
Prize

Got LBJ to sign Civil
Rights Bill & Voting
Rights Act
Martin Luther King, Jr.
72

Led Black protest
movement, allowing
for violent responses
to prejudice. Later,
he’s killed by his
former group.

A man who believes
in freedom will do
anything under the
sun to acquire . . . or
preserve his
freedom."
Malcolm X
73

One of the few people to
win an Oscar, a Tony, an
Emmy, and a Grammy
throughout her long
career.

Her most famous role was
in the movie version of
the musical Westside
Story.

She has been one of the
leading entertainers of the
past century.
Rita Moreno (1950-)
74

As a son of a migrant worker in
the 1930’s, Chavez attended 37
elementary schools in his career.

Later, he led boycotts as a union
leader to get better pay and
conditions for workers. His
efforts led to a national farm
workers’ union that used nonviolent strikes and boycotts for
improvements for these migrant
workers.

“I really hadn’t thought much
about what I was going to do,
but I had to do something.”
Cesar Chavez (1927-1993)
75

Jimmy Carter’s presidency found its greatest success in
human rights and world peace initiatives.

Sandra Day O’Connor was appointed by President Reagan
to be the 1st woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Jesse Jackson (“Rainbow Coalition”) became the 1st serious
African-American candidate in 1984.

The Americans with Disabilities Ace was passed in 1990 to
bar discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities.

Women serving in combat units in the military began.
1970’s- Present
76

Geraldine Ferraro (1984) & Sarah Palin (2008) become the
1st women ever to run for the Vice-President. Hillary
Clinton becomes the 1st serious woman candidate for
President (2008).

Anti-Immigration laws (Arizona & Georgia) are
strengthened to deal with “illegal aliens” and our borders.

After 9/11, Homeland Security is created to protect the
U.S. from terrorist attacks. This includes greater scrutiny of
travelers to our country.

Barack Obama (2008) is the first African-American to be
elected as President.
1970’s- Present
77

Founder of Ms. Magazine,
she was a leader of the
feminist movement of the
1970’s. (The “Ms.” title was
used to replace “Miss” and
“Mrs.”.

1n 1971, her group, the
Women’s Political Caucus,
encouraged women to run
for political office.”

“I have yet to hear a man
ask for advice on how to
combine marriage and a
career.”
Gloria Steinem (1934-)
78

A leading conservative
thinker who led the
resistance against the Equal
Rights Amendment. She
moved the debate from
political & economic issues to
cultural ones that attacked
the social order.

“The U.S. Constitution is not
the place for symbols or
slogans… it would be a tragic
mistake for our nation to
succumb to the tirades and
demands of a few women
who are seeking a
constitutional cure to their
personal problems.”
Phyllis Schlafly
79

In November, 1969, an 18
month occupation of the
island of Alcatraz was held
by Native Americans;
they demanded it to be
given back and used to
build an Indian university
and cultural center. They
were removed in June,
1971.

Later, President Nixon did
return 48,000 acres to the
Taos Indians.
Red Power (Alcatraz)
80

Leader of the American
Indian Movement (AIM),
he organized the “Trail of
Broken Treaties” and
delivered to Washington
D.C. building for the
Bureau of Indian Affairs
(BIA).

In 1975, Congress passed
the Indian SelfDetermination and
Education Assistance Act,
which gave tribes greater
control over their people.
Russell Means (1960-1970’s)
81

1st Hispanic elected to the
Baseball Hall of Fame.

Played for the Pirates for
18 years, won 12 Golden
Gloves in a row, and an
MVP award.

He died taking supplies to
Panama and was awarded
the U.S. Presidential
Medal of Freedom.
Roberto Clemente
(1934-1972)
82

Broke Babe Ruth’s
Home Run Record

Withstood racial
prejudice while
breaking the record

Silver Bat Award is
named for him
Henry Aaron
83

President Reagan
chose O’Connor to
be the 1st lady to
serve on the U.S.
Supreme Court.

“The power I exert
on the court
depends on the
power of my
arguments, not on
my gender.”
Sarah Day O’Connor (1980’s)
84

Martin L. King’s
entourage with
Jesse Jackson &
John Lewis

U.S. Representative
to the United
Nations.

Mayor of Atlanta
Andrew Young
85

1st Hispanic to hold the
postion of U.S.
ambassador to the U.N.
He’s also been a
Congressman & 1st
Hispanic to be governor of
New Mexico. He also ran
for President in 2008.

He has been nominated
for the Nobel Peace Prize
three times in his life.
Bill Richardson
(1947-)
86

From serving as
First Lady to U.S.
Senator to
Presidential
candidate, to
serving as Sec. of
State for President
Obama, she has
played a vital role in
American politics
since the 1990’s.
Hillary Rodham Clinton
87

1st African-American
President

4th president to win
Nobel Peace Prize

National Health
Care Bill is passed

Promised “Change”
Barack Obama
88
The End
89