Exploring and Colonizing North America

Spain, France, and England

■ Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in North America?

America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

Early Human Migrations

1 st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2 nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3 rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

Eastern Woodland Cultures

■ Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands: –Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering –Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s

When Worlds Collide

What was the impact of Spanish, French, and English settlement in North America on Native Americans?

Voyages of European Exploration

European movement

Exploration: Direct Causes = 3 G’s

■

Political:

Become a world power through gaining wealth and land.

(GLORY)

■

Economic

: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations

(GOLD)

■

Religious:

spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims.

(GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

European explore

EFFECTS • Europeans reach and settle Americas • Expanded knowledge of world geography • Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism • Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations • Introduction of the institution of slavery • Columbian Exchange

NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough

The Columbian Exchange

Diseases Old World to New World New World to Old World

Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold Syphilis

Animals

Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Goats, Chickens Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs

Plants

Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Guavas Avocados

The Spanish Colonies in America

■

Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America —most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)

■

First

–

permanent

United States are founded by Spain

St. Augustine

colonies in what will become (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

Georgia

A World Transformed

■ Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration ■ They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans ■ Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers European Colonial Empire Permanent Settlers

From Plunder to Settlement

■ By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World –Mostly unmarried males came to mixed-blood

mestizos

&

mulattos

–Distinguished between social classes:

peninsulares

&

creoles

–The Spanish gov’t operated strict control over the colonies

Spanish Conquests & Colonies

Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Spanish ancestory Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture Creoles Spanish and Black mixture.

Mulattos White American and Black mixture

Native Indians Black Slaves

What type of relationship existed between the Spanish and the Native Americans living in N.Am?

■ ■ ■ ■ Native people learned about new tools, grow food, raise sheep ■ ■ ■ Many converted to Catholicism Spanish learned new farming techniques Harsh treatment of Native Americans for slave labor Beating of those who did not convert Disease, death Rebellion

Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer ■ Explored Southeast region of America in 1540.

■ Encountered numerous Creek Indian tribes in Georgia, as well as food such as peaches.

■ Crossed Chattahoochee, Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah Rivers.

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Settlements in Georgia ■ ■ ■ ■

From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics built two separate chains of missions. One led from San Augustin north along the Atlantic coast, into present day coastal Georgia. The Guale tribes were temporarily subdued near what is St. Catherine’s Island today.

In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale interfered with the mission Indians once too often and they rebelled. The missions along coastal Georgia were destroyed and most of the friars murdered before soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601.

Although the Yamasees and Lower Creeks sought Spanish protection in the following years, and Spanish Indians continued to harass English settlers along the southern frontier , Spain's plans for hegemony in the Southeast disappeared along with the missions.

More info on Spanish missions in Georgia HERE!

Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of



Southern part of North America



Central America



Caribbean Islands



Most of outer South America

The French Colonies in America

■

French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada

–

Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America

–

Develop a fur trade

The French Claim Canada

■ In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R.

■ The French gov’t strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement ■ Because the fur trade was the basis of their colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (

not exploitive like Spain

)

What was the relationship between the French and Native Americans living in North America?

■ Business partners ■ Friendly ■ Huron (in Canada) were close allies ■ Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast with British colonies) ■ Diseases killed many

Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions

The English Colonies in America

English settlements

■ Cabot & New Foundland 1582 ■ Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to colonize off the coast of North Carolina in 1585. ■ Establishes the colony of Roanoke ■ Second attempt in 1585 with 150 men and women

Lost Colony of Roanoke

■ Spanish Armada delays supply until 1590 ■ No settlers found but buildings are standing ■ CROATOAN – written on fence post.

■ Unsolved mystery

What was life like in Jamestown ?

■ Difficult ■ Swamp area with disease carrying mosquitoes ■ Laziness from settlers ■ John Smith took over during the starving time ■ Native Americans refuse to trade during this time

The English Colonies

■ In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America –English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World –Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

Migrating to the English Colonies

■ 17 th century England faced major social changes: –The most significant was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?) –People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

Migrating to the English Colonies

■ Motives for migration to America: – Religious: purer form of worship – Economic: Escape poverty or the threat of lifelong poverty – Personal: to escape bad marriages or jail terms ■ Migration to America was facilitated by the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

The Stuart Monarchs

Fort King George

■ First British garrison of the Georgia colony, is located in Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha River.

■ Established in 1721 to 1732 as the southernmost outpost of British North America.

■ Protected Carolina colony against Spanish and French as well as possible attacks by the hostile Guale Indians.

■ Poor living conditions and a fire that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to its disbandment. Click HERE for a more complete story of Ft. King George!

From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2481

Types of Colonial Settlements

Three types of colonial settlements

Trading Post Colony Plantation Colony Settler colony

Used to trade items For example, French fur traders Grow and sell cash crops, such as rice, indigo, tobacco, Settlers establish new towns and settlements, but linked to their mother country by trade and government. Did not require a lot of money.

More difficult to protect.

Set up along a water trade route.

Required more money to maintain and build.

Required more money to build the towns and settlements.

Easier to protect Easy to protect Set up along a water trade route.

Set up on large areas of land.

Set up along the water for irrigation use and trade.

European colonization in North America

Spain

Plantation colonies in the Caribbean, Florida, and Mexico.

France

Trading post colonies in St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi regions.

England

Plantation colonies in Southern English colonies. Spanish missions converted Indians to Christianity by force, and governed the colonial settlements. Port of New Orleans controlled trade in the Gulf of Mexico, threatening Spanish shipping in the area.

Settler colonies Jamestown based at first on trading, then later became known as a religious settlement.

Georgia’s coastal barrier islands served as sites of Spanish missions.

Fur traders expanded networks throughout all of the Southeastern tribes. Fort King George at Darien, GA was southern-most outpost to protect Charlestown, South Carolina from Spanish attacks.

By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims) These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

Colonies in North America

French colonies Spanish Colonies

Mexico, present day Florida, South western part of South America Inland part of North America and the St. Lawrence river.

English colonies

They set up a variety of colonies in Canada and along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

Controlled their colonies with viceroys.

Controlled their colonies loosely. Few settlers moved to New France, because it was so rocky, and the temperature was so cold.

Built for profit and others built them for religious freedom.

England sent governors to rule over their colonies.

Use of Native American labor to work on the large farms.

Treated the Native American harshly.

Harsh treatment of the Native Americans, Europeans diseases claimed their lives Use of African slaves.

French got along better with the Native Americans than any other European country.

English settlers pushed Native Americans off their land.

Fur traders England and Spain were the two main powers in the Americas.

Live among the Native Americans and respected their culture.

Did not want to convert the Native Americans, they just wanted their land.

Focused on Christianity.

Touted religious freedom

Spanish, French, & English Colonial Patterns?

■ Answer the following essential question: –

What were the advantages & disadvantages of Spanish, French, & English colonial patterns in terms of long-term colonization in America?

■ Create a chart with your ideas.

■ Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox .

Spain France England Advantages for long-term colonization Disadvantages for long-term colonization