Transcript Welcome COMP1070 Dr .Hayk Melikyan Departmen of Mathematics and CS

Welcome COMP1070
Dr .Hayk Melikyan
Departmen of Mathematics and CS
[email protected]
COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian
Goals
Computer Based Society
 The Nature of Computers
 Computer Usage
 Basics of Computer Systems
 Computer Hardware
 Computer Software
 History of Computers

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Computer Literacy
Awareness: as you study about computers, you will become
more aware of their importance, their versatility and
pervasiveness in our society
Knowledge: What they are and how they work. This requres
learning technical staff but do nor worry.
Interaction: Being able to use a computer for some simple
applications.
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The nature of computers
Every computer has three fundamental characteristics and
each characteristic has by – products that are just as
Important. The three characteristics are :
Speed
Reliability
Storage capability
These characteristics have the following by-products:
Productivity
Decision making
Cost reduction
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Where Computers Are Used
Computers can do just anything imaginable, they are
everywhere. Here some of principle areas if computer use
Graphics, Retailing,
Paperwork,
Control,
Government, Education,
The Science, Robotics.
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Energy
Money
Health and Medicine
An Overview of Computers
The computer System has three main components:
Hardware, Software and people.
Hardware: the equipment associated with a computer
system ( things you can see)
Software: a set of instructions that tells the hardware
what to do.( also referred to as program)
People: the most important component of system- uses
power of computer
Program : a set of step-by-step instructions, created by
people, that directs the computer to do the task you
want it to do.
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What Is a Computer ?
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to accept
data ( input), process it into useful information ( output)
and store it away ( in a secondary storage device) for later
reuse.
The processing of input to output is directed by the software
but is performed by hardware
To function, a computer system requires four main aspects of
data handling:
Input, processing, output and storage
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Input and input devices
Input is the data that you put into the computer system for
Processing.
Here are some common ways of feeding input into.
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Terminal device
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Processor
In computer the processor is the center of activity. The
processor, is also called the central processing unit
(CPU) .
It is the CPU that actually transforms the data into
information.
data: raw of symbols( input) to be processed.
Information: that is processed data- it is organized,
meaningful and useful.
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Central Processing Unit
At the hart of computer lies the central processing unit
CPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips.
The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural
elements called transistors
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CPU in Details
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Computer Memory,
also known as primary storage, is closely connected to the
CPU but it is separated from it.Memory is place where the
data is kept after it is being inputted into the system, as
well as the place where data are kept before it has been
released to the output device.
In addition memory holds the program ( compute instructions)
needed by the CPU
Memory can hold data only temporarily because it requires a
continuous flow of electric current; if the current is
interrupted, the data is lost.
(volatile,not a permanent.)
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The main memory is comprises a number of storage
locations with each location having an address.
The size is typically 1 byte, which is made up of 8 bit
And the bit is smallest unit of storage that can store a
1 or 0
The address of location is positive integer first location
have an address 0.
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RAM Chips
The computers stores data and programs in memory. There
are two kinds of memory
 Primary storage (very fast
but expensive )
RAM ( rendom access memort) and ROM ( read only
memory)
Disadvantages of RAM ,expensive and volatile.
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Secondary storage( secondary memmory)
Provides additional storage separated from main memory.
Two most common secondary storage media are magnetic
disks and ( usually 3.5 inch diameter )
hard disk, usually more storage capacity and offers fast
access to the data
optical disks, such as CD- ROMs, relatively inexpensive
storage of large volume of data.
magnetic tape, which usually comes on a cartridge
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Output
The result produced by the computers CPU- is , of course, a
computers whole for being. It is a usable information.
Common for of outputs are
text,
numbers,
graphics,
sound
The most common output devices are computer screen ( the
display part of monitor) and printers. You can produce output
from a computer in other ways(film, voice output, music)
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Complete hardware system
The hardware devices attached to the computer are called
peripheral equipment. They includes all input, output, and
secondary storage devices. In personal computers, the CPU
and disk drives all all contained in a same housing, but in
large systems they may be separated
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Schematic Diagram of a Personal
Computer
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Classification of Computers
Computers come in size from tiny to monsters.
Supercomputers: the mightiest, the most expensive( XX
millions of dollars ), the fastest ( trillions instructions
per second)
Mainframes: large computers, fast (millions instructions
per second), expensive ( several hundred thousand to
several millions)
Minicomputers; next step down from mainframe
computers- primarily use by businesses and schools
Personal Computers ( PCs) : these desktop computers are
also known as microcomputers or home computers.
Workstations: the upper-end machines used by workers .
Notebook Computers: - that fits in a brafecase ( laptop)
Personal Digital Assistant ( PDA): pan based computers
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Pentium Chips
At the hart of computer lies the central processing unit
CPU. It consists of single chip or a small number of chips.
The Pentium chip is composed of 3 million structural
elements called transistors
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Hard Disk
Secondary storage, usually a hard disk
less expensive and permanent nonvolatile
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A High-Capacity Floppy Disk and Its
Drive
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A CD-ROM Drive
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Tape Backup Drives and Data Tape
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A Personal Computer
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A Motherboard
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Alan Turing
Turing introduced the theoretical model of computer
the Turing Machine while he was at Princeton in 1936.
A Turing machine is a simple specification that
defines what a computer is. A digital cellphone is a
Turing Machine
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Computing History
The early years The first "computers" were
people. Their job was to perform various
scientific calculations as rapidly and
error-free as possible.
One of the first and most important computer
scientists was an English mathematician,
Alan Turing. He discovered the mathematics
of computers.
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The first large-scale digital computer built
in the U.S. was developed at the Moore School
of Electrical Engineering of the University
of Pennsylvania around 1946. This machine was
named ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer). Its original purpose was to
calculate tables of ballistic trajectories.
WWII had just spread to North Africa and the
desert terrain was making existing tables
obsolete.
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The ENIAC / 1946
( electronic numerical integrator and computer)
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Hungarian scientist John von Neumann came up
with the idea of storing the program in the
computer itself. von Neumann did most of his
early work on stored programs and on
organization of computing machines while he
was at Princeton in the 1940s. We still use
The "von Neumann Architecture" today.
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John von Neumann
He solved one of D. Hilbert's 23 theoretical problems and
collaborated on developing an algebraic ring with profound
applications in quantum physics. During World War II he
participated in the development of the atomic bomb. After
the war he made major contributions to the development of
high-speed computers; one of his computers was essential to
the creation of the hydrogen bomb. As coauthor of Theory of
Games and Economic Behavior (1944), he was one of the
founders of game theory. He coined the term cybernetics.
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1970s until today

In the late 1970s Steve Jobs and Steve
Wozniak built the first Apple computers in
Jobs' garage.

Bill Gates revolutionized the world of
computing by providing a simple operating
system, MS-DOS to IBM for personal computer

In the early 1990s, the internet went
public. Marc Andreessen, a student at the
University of Illinois, released the first
version of "Mosaic for X". Mosaic was a
browser for the World Wide Web Mosaic was
the forerunner of Netscape and Andreessen
was one of its founders.
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Pre 90 facts
1945 Grace Hopper showed the world the first
known programming bug
1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer,
the 701
1957 FORTRAN was created. It was the first major
language to support loops.
1960 LISP was created, with major applications in
artificial intelligence
1964 BASIC was created by Kurtz and Kemeny at
Dartmouth
1968 Data General introduced Nova, a 32K computer
with a selling price of $8000
1970 The first bank ATM was introduced in Georgia
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1974 The first computer mouse 1976
Wozniac shows the world Apple I
1981 IBM came out with the IBM PC, which
used DOS as its operating system
1984 Apple came out with the Macintosh
computer
1985 Bjourne Stroustrup introduces C++
1990 Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0
1995 SunMicrosystems(James Gosling)
announces Java as a new programming
language
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HW #1
Read lecture and look for more information on web.
Please send the your comments via email to
[email protected]
and hand in hard copy by the beginning of the class
COMP1070/2002/lec1/H.Melikian