Transcript biodiversity and ecological function

CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE
LA CONVENZIONE DELLE ALPI E LA CONVENZIONE DEI CARPAZI:
ESPERIENZE A CONFRONTO
GLI APPENNINI, UNA CATENA MONTUOSA EUROPEA
SARNANO (MC) 23-24 APRILE 2014
Biodiversity, ecological function and resilience
of the Apennine landscape
RICCARDO SANTOLINI
Department of Earth, Life and Environment Science (DiSTeVA)
Urbino University Campus Scientifico E. Mattei 61029 Urbino - Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
The fourth level of the biodiversity
IMPORTANT PLANT AREAS
Blasi et al. 2009
APPENNINE COROLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTIC OF FAUNA
PATTERN OF RICHNESS SPECIES
Stoch 2007
Stoch e Vigna Taglianti 2005
DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF ENDEMIC SPECIES
hotspot (red)
and coldspot (blu)
of endemism
Stoch 2007
OVERLAP METHOD FOR IMPORTANT BIRDS AREAS IN CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ECOREGION
IBA
MIUR –WWF 2006. Metodologia per la selezione di priorità di conservazione applicata all’Ecoregione Mediterraneo Centrale
biodiversity and ecological function
Rapporto tra agricoltura e biodiversità
nell’ambito dell’High Nature Value (HNV)
(Hoogeveen et al., 2005 mod.)
da Haines-Young e Potschin, 2011
biodiversity and ecological function
Multivariate Tests
Effect
Intercept
Value
F
Pillai's Trace
1
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
LC
Pillai's Trace
Wilks' Lambda
Hotelling's Trace
Roy's Largest Root
Hypothesis df
Error df
Sig.
7056129353,614(a)
11
183
0,000
0
963952083,2
7056129248,885(a)
7056129248,885(a)
11
11
183
183
0,000
0,000
963952083,2
0,871
0,266
2,252
1,995
7056129248,885(a)
5,673
6,883(a)
8,198
14,684(b)
11
22
22
22
11
183
368
366
364
184
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Source
Dependent Variable
Type III Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Corrected Model
Regolazione dei gas atmosferici
Prevenzione dai disturbi
Regolazione del ciclo dell’acqua
Assimilazione degli inquinanti
Regolazione dei nutrienti
Biodiversità
Servizi ricreativi
Servizi estetici
Creazione e rinforzo del suolo
Servizio di impollinazione
Servizi totali
59284,122
240622,478
141251586,445
98736,867
415259,852
1726268,249
287600,402
2639,999
57242,904
689904,272
167288885,678
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
29642,061
120311,239
70625793,22
49368,434
207629,926
863134,125
143800,201
1320
28621,452
344952,136
83644442,84
17,016
112,213
108,725
16,114
62,377
5,924
1,892
5,481
2,409
104,382
83,659
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,003
0,153
0,005
0,092
0,000
0,000
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONALITY
CONSERVATION PRIORITY AREAS
PROTECTED AREAS
MIUR –WWF 2006.
Difference in the urbanization rate of e the landscape units between the years 50 and after 2000
Romano e Zullo, 2013. Journal of Land Use Science: 1-22
L’edificato italiano attuale può stimarsi in oltre 20 miliardi di m3.
Un volume edilizio che potrebbe coprire interamente quasi il 20%
dell’estensione delle Alpi italiane (l’insieme delle Marittime, Cozie,
Graie e Pennine) con un edificio continuo alto 2,70 m.
SPECIES LOSS IN RELATION TO INCREASE OF HUMIDITY
Regional projections of residues of the multiple regression of species loss
against growing degree days and humidity availability.
Il colore rosso indica un eccesso di perdita specie; i grigi indicano un deficit.
Thuiller et al. 2005. PNAS vol. 102 no. 23,8245–8250
complessive dolci
Rapporto tra prelievo e disponibilità
Change of water
availability
In un’accezione estensiva, nelle aree svantaggiate ricadono le aree marginali, quelle strutturalmente
svantaggiate, quelle con criticità nella economia agricola ed infine quelle periferiche ad agricoltura povera
In extensively sense, in disadvantaged areas falling marginal areas, those structurally
disadvantaged, those with critical issues in the agricultural economy and ultimately peripheral to
poor farming
Atlante Nazionale del territorio Rurale, Mipaf 2010
ECOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS
Delphi analysis
Ecosystem services
Regolazione del clima locale
Regolazione del clima globale
Regolazione della qualità dell’aria
Protezione dalle piene
Regolazione e fornitura di acqua
Capacità di stoccaggio
Regolazione dei nutrienti
Habitat
Estetico-percettivo
Ritenzione e formazione di suolo
categoria
servizio
ecosistemico
metodo di
valutazione
formula
bibliografia
acqua
regolazione del
ciclo dell'acqua
Costo di
ripristino
costo di 1 m3 di acqua*superfici
forestali*(precipitazioni-evapotraspirazione)
Xue e Tisdell, 2001;
Hao et al., 2008
Costo di
ripristino
perdita di suolo stimata dalla differenza di
erosione tra aree boscate e aree non
boscate*superfici forestali*costo per il ripristino
di terreno vegetale comprensivo di
trasporto*densità del suolo
Hao et al., 2008
suolo
co2
protezione del
suolo
fissazione della
co2
Prezzo dei
capacità di fissazione della CO2 di diverse
permessi di
tipologie forestali*prezzo permessi di emissione
emissione di
di CO2 (20€/tCO2)
CO2
Xue e Tisdell, 2001;
Guo, 2001; APAT,
2000;
Goio et al., 2008;
Notaro et al., 2008
Breakdown of ESs in the catchment areas and the
economic value per ha
Fiume Marecchia
Fiume Foglia
439
324
Blue and Green Waters
100%
60%
40%
Il meccanismo dei PES si basa sulla
creazione di convenienze
economiche per gli operatori che
potenzialmente possono offrire,
mantenere o valorizzare specifici SE,
tali da spingerli verso l’adesione
volontaria ai meccanismi di
incentivazioni proposti da una certa
istituzione competente, riallineando
in tal modo l’interesse pubblico con
quello privato.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD)
The equalization term is used in different branches of law (in particular in the field of
pensions and urban), indicating an act or action which has the aim of eliminating discrimination
or remedy any disadvantages suffered.
The p. planning is an institution of administrative law that allows a person to compensate
expropriated with the right to build in another area.
Balancing, more equitable distribution.Treccani.it
The common agricultural policy for nearly three decades shows a particular attention to the
most disadvantaged agricultural areas and less competitive with the aim of ensuring farmers'
income, comparable with that of the best areas, but also to promote the defense of the territory
and prevent the depopulation of the inland areas.
This is a significant portion of the national territory (you fall wholly or partly about 58% of Italian
municipalities and approximately 30% of the national Sau) falling into one of three types
required by European legislation:
(a) mountain areas;
(b) areas with significant natural constraints (also known as areas of "intermediate");
(c) other areas subject to specific constraints (usually environmental rule)
DURABLE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
FROM CAPITAL TO CAPITALS
Neutral based landscape
Social
Capital
Natural
Capital
Critical
Natural
Capital
Capital
constructed
by man
Economical
Capital
Ecosystem
services
Short Time
Long Time
Santolini 2008
RESILIENCE DIMENSION
Third dimension
V
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N
E
R
A
B
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Y
Consideration
Towards the resilient and sostenible landscape?
The conservation of
ecological functions
outside the parks
Ecosystem services
paradigm
?
Green infrastructure
Landscape ecology
Shape and function
Ecological
network
Structural and
functional
connectivity
Faunistic
connectivity
(focal species)
Strengthening the functionality
of ecosystems for continued
delivery of goods and services.
This includes increasing the
resilience and restoration of
ecosystems and the aintenance
of water and carbon cycles
Spatial and functional
connectivity between existing
natural areas and improving
landscape permeability.
Consideration
 60% of the 24 ecosystem services in decline
 Real risk of further significant loss of services if urgent action is
not taken
 The area with the greater ecosystem functionality is from 300
up to 1500 m
 Transfer scientific knowledge into policy actions / management;
 The policy along different paths from the research objectives
 Too much time between scientific and policy response
 The need for a professional interface between science and policy
on biodiversity and ecosystem services
The conservation of biodiversity (and ecosystem) is
crucial for the sustainability of the functions and services
provided by ecosystems
Consideration
Set up a new way to do
economy that will finally
provide value to Natural
Capital and operating
practices that will send
down resulting
GREEN ECONOMY?
Consideration
System actions
1. Restoration an ecosystem, it means monitoring functions / services and act in a
systemic manner, not patch up the event to solve the immediate problem
2. Economic assessment of assessment measures (incidence, EIA, SEA) and
planning / design that would include economic valuation of ecosystem services =
COMMON GOOD
3. Innovative planning negotiated planning and shared understanding of the
territory aimed at achieving a lasting through time
Contracts of river management and restoration of wetlands
Contracts system (pelvis), on the area of network
4. Insert the criteria of ecological equalization on the basis of economic and
ecological (eg PAC / PSR, PES), ie € to recognize those who protect and manage
resources (eg FARMERS) by the person who consumes the resources, especially
in protected areas