Transcript Report_Landslide haz..

AES Geohazards Stream-is me-2 proeqtis
angariSi
mewyruli safrTxis Sefaseba
xelvaCauris raionSi,
saqarTvelo
giorgi gafrindaSvili, jianping guo, panisara
daorueangi
tventes universitetis geo-informaciuli da
dedamiwis Semswavleli mecnierebis fakulteti, 7500
AA ensxede, niderlandebi
2010 wlis maisi
i
Sinaarsi
1.
Sesavali ........................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
monacemTa aRwera ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.
meTodologia ................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1.
3.2.
4.
Sedegebi da ganxilva ................................................................................................................ 7
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.
samuSaos mimdinareoba ...................................................................................................... 5
meTodologia ........................................................................................................................ 6
reliefis parametrebi ....................................................................................................... 7
aqtiuri mewyrebis identifikacia................................................................................. 7
wonis miniWeba ....................................................................................................................... 8
sensitiurobis Sefaseba.................................................................................................. 12
mowyvladobis Sefaseba ................................................................................................... 13
daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ................................................................................................ 14
gamoyenebuli literatura ............................................................................................................ 15
ii
1.
Sesavali
saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetes nawilSi,
mewyrebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba TiTqmis ar arsebobs kvlevisaTvis
aucilebeli saxsrebis, warsulSi momxdari mewyrebisa da riskis qveS myofi
socialur-ekonomikuri elementebis Sesaxeb informaciis simciris gamo.
kerZod, ar arsebobs sakmarisi monacemebi sxvadasxva simZlavris mewyrebis
albaTobis
Sesaxeb,
romelic
aucilebelia
riskis
raodenobrivi
SefasebisTvis. saqarTveloSi arsebuli kvlevebis umetesoba aRweriTi
xasiaTisaa. Tumca, aucilebelia iseTi kvlevebi, romlebic emyareba
monacemebsa da mewyrebis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavlas.
mewyris riskis Sefasebis meTodebi sam jgufad iyofa: xarisxobrivi
(xarisxobriv maCveneblebSi gamosaxuli albaToba da zarali), naxevrad
raodenobrivi (indikaturi albaToba xarisxobriv maCveneblebSi) da
raodenobrivi (raodenobriv maCveneblebSi gamosaxuli albaToba da zarali)
(Lee and Jones, 2004).
Khelvachauri
sakvlevi
teritoria
–
xelvaCauris
municipaliteti
(nax.1) – Sedis
saqarTvelos
samxreTaRmosavleT
nawilSi
mdebare aWaris
avtonomiuri
respublikis
SemadgenlobaSi,
romelic
aerTianebs
8
municipalitets. xelvaCauri
mdebareobs baTumis samxreTdasavleTiT
8
km-is
manZilze.
misi
farTobia
daaxloebiT
97.5
km2,
mosaxleoba – 28,000 (2002
wlis
mdgomareobiT).
xelvaCauris
municipalitetSi Sedis ori
qalaqi – xelvaCauri da
maxinjauri da 30 sofeli.
3
nax. 1: xelvaCauris sakvlevi
sazRvrebSi (wyaro: Google Earth).
teritoria
mocemulia
wiTeli
feris
municipalitets dasavleTiT esazRvreba Savi zRva, xolo samxreTiT –
TurqeTi. vake dablobebi morfologiurad plaJebs warmoadgenen. yvelaze
didi da mniSvnelovani mdinarea Woroxi, romlis sigrZec municipalitetis
farglebSi 26 km-s Seadgens. regioni xasiaTdeba Taviseburi geografiuli
da klimaturi pirobebiT. misi umetesi nawili mTiania, amitom axali
teritoriebis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba TiTqmis ar arsebobs.
regionis ekonomikis wamyvani dargia soflis meurneoba. ganviTarebulia
mrewvelobac. regionSi warmodgenilia Cais qarxnebi, inertuli masalebis
gadamamuSvebeli sawarmo, samSeneblo aguris qarxana. soflis meurneobas
wamyvani
adgili
uWiravs.
ganviTarebulia
meCaieoba,
mecitruseoba,
mesaqonleoba da sxva dargebi. viTardeba turizmic.
mewyrebis ganviTarebaze gavlenis moxdeba SeuZlia garemos mraval
faqtors,
romlebic
kavSirSia
geologiasTan,
geomorfologiasTan,
topografiasa da miwaTsargeblobasTan (Clerici et al., 2002). garda amisa,
raodenobrivi riskis Sefasebis arsebuli meTodebi specifiuria da
moiTxovs mewyrebis ganviTarebasa da zemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebul
monacemTa sxvadasxva saxeebs, romelTa didi nawili sawarTveloSi ar
moipoveba.
winamdebare proeqtis mizania mewyris safrTxis Sefaseba raodenobrivi
meTodis gamoyenebiT, romelic, ZiriTadad, emyareba aero fotoebis,
satelituri
gamosaxulebebisa
da
savele
monacemebis
vizualuri
interpretaciiT
miRebul
mewyrebis
inventarizacias.
garda
amisa,
sensitiurobis SefasebisTvis aucilebelia iseTi sivrciTi kriteriumebis
gaTvaliswinebac,
rogoricaa
cifrul-sasimaRlo
modelisgan
(DEM)
miRebuli eqspozicia da daxriloba da sxva mizezobrivi parametrebi miwaTsargeblobis, liTologiuri, niadagis siRrmisa da geomorfologiuri
monacemebi
safrTxis
indeqsis
meTodis
gamoyenebiT
TiToeuli
parametrisaTvis wonis miniWebis saSualebiT. amis Semdeg Senobebis
raodenobis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iqneba fizikuri mowyvladobis
Sefaseba. bolos Cven miviRebT xelvaCauris municipalitetis teritoriis
mewyris safrTxisadmi mowyvladobis detalur Sefasebas.
proeqtis amocanebia:
•
•
•
4
mewyris safrTxis Sefasebis am konkretuli SemTxvevisaTvis
Sesaferisi sivrciTi kriteriumebis sistemis gansazRvra da
dasabuTeba;
mewyris safrTxis sensitiurobis sacdeli Sefaseba sivrciTi
mravalkriteriumiani Sefasebis (SMCE) midgomis SesaZleblobebisa da
naklovanebebis gamosavlenad;
ASTER-GDEM monacemebisa da cifrul-sasimaRlo modelis (DEM)
konturuli monacemebis Sedareba “sivrciTi kriteriumebis” rukebis
misaRebad;
•
2.
mowyvladobis rukis Sedgena mewyris safrTxis sensitiurobis rukisa
da arsebuli sakadastro monacemebis Sedarebis gziT.
monacemTa aRwera
xelvaCauris municipalitetis teritoriis mewyris safrTxis Sesafaseblad
gamoyenebul iqna Semdegi monacemebi:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3.
3.1.
Google-Earth-is maRali rezoluciis mqone gamosaxulebis vizualuri
interpretaciiT miRebuli mewyrebis inventarizaciis ruka;
1976-1980 wels ganxorcielebuli kvlevis Sedegad Seqmnili sainJinro
geologiuri ruka (masStabi 1 : 10,000) (wyaro: saqarTvelos geologiis
saministro, 1980);
1 : 50,5000 masStabis topografiuli ruka;
geomorfologiuri ruka;
niadagis siRrmis ruka;
miwis nakveTebis rukisgan miRebuli miwaTsargeblobis ruka;
sakadastro monacemebidan miRebuli Senobebis sivrciTi ganawileba
da raodenoba.
meTodologia
samuSaos mimdinareoba
nax. 2-is Tanaxmad, kvleva emyareboda xelvaCauris municipalitetis
teritoriis mowyvladobis Sefasebas. kvlevis amocanas warmoadgenda
mewyris safrTxis sensitiurobisa da fizikuri mowyvladobis dakavSireba
(Senobebis
raodenobisa
da
miwaTsargeblobis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli
informaciis krosirebiT). miRebuli Sedegis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba mewyris safrTxis fizikuri mowyvladobis dadgena. mewyrebis
inventarizacia Zalian mniSvnelovania mewyruli mowyvladobis Sefasebis,
momavali
mewyrebis
prognozirebisa
da
riskis
donis
Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, aucilebelia sxva gamomwvevi faqtorebis
dadgenac. gamoyenebul iqna sxva monacemebic, rogoricaa liTologia,
geomorfologia, miwaTsargebloba, niadagis siRrme, topografia.
5
Engineeringgeological
map
Landslide
inventory
Active
Lithology
Geomorphology
Soil depth
Topographic map
DEM
(Slope/Aspect)
Landslide assessment
(Statistical Method)
Landslide susceptabiliy
map
Physical Vulnerability
Assessment
Building
numbers
Landuse
nax. 2: mewyruli mowyvladobis Sefaseba xelvaCauris municipalitetSi
3.2.
meTodologia
warsulSi momxdari mewyrebis Sesaxeb informaciisa da xarisxobrivi
deterministuri an albaTuri modelebis Sesaqmnelad saWiro geoteqnikuri
monacemebis ararsebobis gamo Cven CavatareT mewyruli mowyvladobis
bivariaciuli statistikuri Sefaseba mewyris mxolod “aqtiur” tipze
dayrdnobiT.
mewyruli safrTxis mowyvladobis Sesafaseblad Cven, pirvel rigSi,
SevqmeniT mewyruli sensitiurobis ruka statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiT,
romelsac safrTxis indeqsis meTodi ewodeba da gamoiTvleba Semdegi
formuliT:
 Area ( Si )
 Densclas 
=
Wi ln=
 Densmap  ln  Area ( Ni )



∑ Area( Si )  ………………………………... (1)
∑ Area( Ni ) 
sadac Wi aris eqvsi parametrisaTvis - daxriloba, eqspozicia, liTologia,
geomorfologia, miwaTsargebloba da niadagis siRrme - miniWebuli wona.
Densclas aris mewyris simWidrove TiToeul saparametro klasSi. Densmap
warmoadgens mewyris simWidroves mTlian rukaze. Area (Si) aRniSnavs mewyris
farTobs TiToeul saparametro klasSi. Area (Ni) aRniSnavs mTlian farTobs
TiToeul saparametro klasSi.
meTodi emyareba aqtiuri mewyrebis rukis krosirebas TiToeuli 6
parametris rukebTan. rukebis krosirebis Sedegi naCvenebia cxrilSi,
6
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mewyruli simWidrovis gamosaTvlelad
TiToeuli
saparametro
klasisTvis.
simWidrovis
monacemebis
standartizacia SesaZlebelia maTi dakavSirebiT mTliani teritoriis
simWidrovesTan. urTierTkavSiris damyareba SesaZlebelia gayofiT an
gamoklebiT. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli klasisaTvis mewyruli simWidrove
gayofil iqna mewyrul simWidroves mTlian rukaze. uaryofiTi wonis
misaniWeblad im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, mewyruli simWidrove iyo normaze
dabali, xolo dadebiTi wonis misaniWeblad, sadac mewyruli simWidrove
iyo normaze maRali, gamoyenebul iqna bunebrivi logariTmi.
aRniSnuli 6 komponentis wonis rukebis erTmaneTTan SerwymiT da wonebis
miniWebiT SesaZlebelia mewyruli safrTxis sensitiurobis rukis miReba.
amis Semdeg miRebuli sidideebi gadadis sam klasSi: dabal, saSualo da
maRal sensitiurobis klasebSi. es meTodi detalurad naCvenebia nax.3-ze.
4.
Sedegebi da ganxilva
Cven miviReT cifrul-sasimaRlo modelis (DEM) monacemebi monacemTa ori
gansxvavebuli wyarodan, rogoricaa ASTER da topografiuli konturuli
ruka.
4.1 reliefis parametrebi
daxriloba, eqspozicia da cifrul-sasimaRlo modelidan (DEM) miRebuli
sxva parametrebi warmoadgenen SMCE meTodologiaze damyarebuli mewyruli
sensitiurobis SefasebisTvis aucilebeli sivrciTi kriteriumebis rukebis
saukeTeso indikatorebs. reliefis yvela parametri miRebul iqna cifrulsasimaRlo modelidan (DEM). pirvel rigSi, Cven SevqmeniT sakvlevi
teritoriis cifrul-sasimaRlo modeli (DEM) monacemTa ori gansxvavebuli
wyaros, rogoricaa ASTER da topografiuli konturuli ruka, gamoyenebiT.
am wyaroebs gaaCniaT rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi, agreTve
Sesabamisi Taviseburebebi cifrul-sasimaRlo modelidan (DEM) miRebul
kriteriumebis rukebTan dakavSirebiT. Cven SevadareT 1:50,000 masStabis
topografiuli
rukis
konturebi
ASTER
GDEM-s
da
aRmovaCineT
mniSvnelovani cdomilebebi, romlebic naCvenebia nax.4-ze.
4.2 aqtiuri mewyrebis identifikacia
imis gamo, rom aqtiuri mewyrebi Zlier zemoqmedebas axdenen
movaxdineT 38 “aqtiuri tipis” mewyris identificireba
mxolod am tipis mewyrebis Sefaseba. mewyrebi gavrcelebulia
sakvlev teritoriaze (nax.5), magram aqvT sxvadasxva xasiaTi
faqtorebi.
garemoze, Cven
da CavatareT
TiTqmis mTel
da gamomwvevi
7
Aster GDEM
Topographic
map
nax. 4. ASTER GDEM-sa da topografiuli monacemebiT Seqmnil konturebs
Soris arsebuli cdomilebebis sqematuri ruka
nax. 5. aqtiuri mewyrebis ruka miRebuli sakvlevi teritoriis mewyrebis
inventarizaciis Sedegad
4.3 wonis miniWeba
sakvlevi teritoriis farglebSi arsebuli aqtiuri mewyrebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani
gamomwvevi
parametrebis
gamosavlenad
da
mewyrebis
ganviTarebaSi maTi fardobiTi wvlilis Sesafaseblad Cven gamovTvaleT
Tavi 3.2-Si aRwerili 6 parametris Sesabamisi wonebi (1) tolobis
gamoyenebiT. sxvadasxva gamomwvev faqtors gansxvavebuli zemoqmedeba
gaaCnia mewyris ganviTarebis procesze. zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc
xelSemwyobi, aseve xelSemSleli (Castellanos and van Westen, 2008).
eqvsi gamomwvevi parametris Sewonvis Sedegebi naCvenebia nax.7-ze. iseTi
gamomwvevi
faqtorebis,
rogoricaa
daxriloba,
niadagis
siRrme,
geomorfologia, eqspozicia, miwaTsargebloba da liTologia, wonebis
kombinirebiT miviReT teritoriis mTliani wonadobis ruka, romelic
naCvenebia nax.8-ze.
8
cxrili 1-Si mocemuli wonebidan gamoikveTa mewyrebTan dakavSirebuli
yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebis rukebis tipebi. aRmoCnda, rom mewyrebis
ganviTarebaSi eqspoziciis kuTxiT mniSvnvnelovani faqtoria CrdilodasavleTi eqspozicia, geomorfologiurad – mTis klasi, miwaTsargeblobis
kuTxiT – kerZo sakuTreba, xolo liTologiurad – Tixnari da Tixa. 19-24
gradusian daxrilobas da 10-20 sm sisqis niadagebs erTnairi gavlena aqvT
mewyrebis ganviTarebaze.
9
nax. 6. gamomwvevi faqtorebis rukebi - eqspozicia, niadagis siRrme,
geomorfologia, daxriloba, miwaTsargebloba da liTologia
10
Soil weight map
nax. 7. gamomwvevi faqtorebis - daxriloba, niadagis siRrme,
geomorfologia, eqspozicia, miwaTsargebloba da liTologia – Sewonvis
rukebi
11
cxrili 1. yvelaze didi gavlenis mqone tipebi mizezobrivi faqtorebis
rukebSi
mizezobrivi
faqtorebis
rukebi
eqspozi
cia
geomorfo
logia
miwaTsargebloba
LliTologia
daxriloba
(gradusi)
niadagis
siRrme
(m)
yvelaze
didi
gavlenis
mqone tipebi
Crdilodasavle
Ti
mTa
kerZo
Tixnari da
Tixa
19-24
10-20
nax. 8. saerTo wonadobis ruka (marcxniv) Sedgenili eqvsi faqtoris
Sewonvis rukebisa da Sesabamisi diagramis (marjvniv) gasaSualoebiTY
mewyruli movlenebis saerTo wonis safuZvelze.
4.4 sensitiurobis Sefaseba
wonebze
dayrdnobiT
movaxdineT
sensitiurobis
Sefaseba.
mewyruli
sensitiurobis Sewonvis amplituda meryeobs 18.9-dan 2.2-mde. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ruka (nax. 7 da 8) iZleva sakvlevi teritoriis mewyris safrTxis
karg raodenobriv suraTs, misi gamoyeneba ganaSenianebis sferoSi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisTvis ar aris moxerxebuli Sewonvis amplitudis
sididis gamo. amitom, nax.8-ze mocemuli Sewonvis rukis diagramis
safuZvelze safrTxis rukaze gamoiyo sami gamartivebuli kategoria:
maRali, saSualo da dabali (nax.9). dabali safrTxe Seesabameba wonas - 18.9dan 4-mde, saSualo - 4-dan 1.1-mde, xolo maRali – 1.1-dan 2.2-mde. nax.9-ze
mocemuli sensitiurobis rukis Tanaxmad Cven miviReT teritoriis
statistika da mewruli sensitiurobis klasebis procentuli maCveneblebi,
romlebic naCvenebia cxrili 2-Si. aRmoCnda, rom 27.7 km2 (28.4%) moqceulia
maRali safrTxis zonaSi.
12
nax. 9. Tavi 3-Si aRwerili statistikuri meTodebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
sensiturobis ruka
cxrili 2. mewyruli sensitiurobis klasebis farTobi da procentuli
maCvenebeli
safrTxe
farTobi (km2)
%
dabali safrTxe
saSualo safrTxe
maRali safrTxe
sruli farTobi
18.0
51.8
27.7
97.5
18.4
53.2
28.4
100
4.5 mowyvladobis Sefaseba
mosaxleobasa da socialur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli monacemebis
simciris gamo Cven CavatareT sakvlevi teritoriis mxolod fizikuri
mowyvladobis Sefaseba. Sefasebis Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi 3. sakvlevi
teritoriis farglebSi moqceulia 9,909 Senoba, aqedan 3,382 Senoba (34.13%)
Sedis maRali sensitiurobis klasSi, xolo 4,584 Senoba – saSualo
sensitiurobis klasSi. cxrili 4-is Tanaxmad, sakvlevi teritoriis
farglebSi miwaTsargeblobis ZiriTadi saxeebia saxelmwifo da kerZo. rac
Seexeba dabali sensitiurobis klass, romlis farTobic Seadgens 17.9 km2-s,
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia farTobis 26%, xolo kerZo sakuTrebaSi – 23.3%.
saSualo sensitiurobis klasis farTobi Seadgens 51.9km2-s, aqedan
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia teritoriis 26.6%, xolo kerZo sakuTrebaSi –
25.6%.
maRali sensitiurobis klasis farTobi Seadgens 27.6 -s, aqedan
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia teritoriis 39.9%, xolo kerZo sakuTrebaSi –
40.9%.
13
cxrili 3. fizikuri mowyvladobis Sedegebi Senobebis raodenobis
safuZvelze
Senobebis
raodenoba
procentuli
maCvenebeli
maRali
sensitiurobis
klasi
saSualo sensitiurobis
klasi
dabali sensitiurobis
klasi
3,382
34.13
4,584
46.26
1,943
19.61
sul
9,909
100
cxrili 4. fizikuri
gaTvaliswinebiT
mowyvladobis
Hazard * Landuse
dabali safrTxe*saxelmwifo
dabali safrTxe*kerZo
dabali sensitiurobis klasis
sruli farTobi
saSualo safrTxe*saxelmwifo
saSualo safrTxe* kerZo
saSualo sensitiurobis klasis
sruli farTobi
maRali safrTxe * saxelmwifo
maRali safrTxe * kerZo
maRali sensitiurobis klasis
sruli farTobi
xelvaCauris mTliani farTobi
Sedegebi
miwaTsargeblobis
farTobi
(km2)
%
4.7
4.2
26.0
23.3
17.9
13.9
13.3
26.6
25.6
51.9
11.0
11.3
39.9
40.9
27.7
97.5
5. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi
proeqtis farglebSi Cvens mier Catarebuli samuSaoebis dros dadginda,
rom sivrciTi analizis Catarebis sirTule ganisazRvreba aucilebeli
monacemebis ararsebobiT. analizis Catareba SesaZlebelia mxolod
fizikuri mowyvladobisTvis (Senobebis raodenobisa da miwaTsargeblobis
monacemebis gadafarviT sxvadasxva safrTxis teritoriebze). garda amisa,
didi gansxvavebaa cifrul-sasimaRlo modelidan (DEM) miRebul konturul
monacemebsa da ASTER-GDEM-s Soris, rac, savaraudod, ganpirobebulia
araswori winaswari monacemebiT.
eqvsi sxvadasxva gamomwvevi mizezis Sesabamisi wonebis gaangariSebiT
gamoikveTa mewyrebTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtorebis
rukebis tipebi. aRmoCnda, rom eqspoziciis kuTxiT maRal mewyrul safrTxes
14
ganapirobebs Crdilo-dasavleTi eqspozicia, geomorfologiurad – mTis
klasi, miwaTsargeblobis kuTxiT – kerZo sakuTreba, xolo liTologiurad
– Tixnari da Tixa. 19-24 gradusiani daxriloba da 10-20 sm sisqis niadagebi
aseve ganapirobeben maRal mewyrul safrTxes.
sensitiurobis ruka sakmaod sarwmunoa, Tumca socialuri, ekonomikuri,
garemosdacviTi da fizikuri mowyvladobis monacemebis arqonis gamo Cveni
kvlevis farglebSi Catarda mxolod Senobebisa da miwaTsargeblobis
mowyvladobis Sefaseba. aRmoCnda, rom Senobebis 34.13%
Sedis maRali
sensitiurobis
klasSi.
Cven
aseve
gamoviangariSeT,
rom
maRali
sensitiurobis klasSi miwaTsargeblobis 39.9% aris saxelmwifo, xolo
40.9% - kerZo sakuTrebaSi.
mowyvladobis Sefasebis Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad saWiroa iseTi sxva
faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebac, rogoricaa manZili mdinaremde, ojaxis
wevrebis raodenoba, informacia klimaturi pirobebis Sesaxeb da mewyruli
procesebis ganviTarebis istoria. informacia mewyrebis Sesaxeb ufro
zusti unda iyos, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes sarwmuno Sedegebis miReba.
mewyrebis inventarizaciisaTvis aseve Zalian kargia stereo gamosaxulebebis
interpretireba.
gamoyenebuli literatura
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map for Cuba using spatial multi-criteria evaluation, in: Landslides 4 (2007) 4.
Clerici, A., Perego, S., Tellini, C., and Vescovi, P. 2002. A procedure for landslide
susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method. [doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0169555X(02)00079-X]. Geomorphology, 48(4), 349-364.
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454 pp.
Castellanos Abella, E.A. and van Westen, C.J., 2008. Qualitative landslide susceptibility
assessment by multicriteria analysis: a case study from San Antonio del Sur, Guantánamo,
Cuba. Geomorphology, 94 (2008)3-4, pp. 453-466
saqarTvelos
geologiis
saministro,
1980.
geologiuri
da
hidrogeologiuri eqspedicia, 1976-1980 wlebSi xelvaCauris raionSi
Catarebuli sainJinro-geologiuri kvlevebis angariSi, tomi 1-2.
Tbilisi, saqarTvelo.
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