Transcript Broadcast-and-select networks
Broadcast-and-select networks
Broadcast-and-select networks
• • • • Each node is usually attached to two fibers: one to transmit, one to receive W WDM channels are available Tx and Rx operate on a single WDM channel at a time (to reduce electronic bandwidth) It is possible to observe collisions and contention – Collision: two or more transmitters transmit on the same channel at the same time – Contention: a single receiver must tune to two or more channels at the same time We need a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
Broadcast-and-select networks
• • • Nodes can be equipped with one or more tx and rx devices, which may be tunable or fixed Tunable txs and rxs are more expensive (and tunable usually cost more than tunable txs) For example: 2 fixed tx/rx per node allow to build a shuffle topology
Level of performance
It is measured by Packet delay: The delay is specified from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the end of the packet being received at the destination and through put of network : data that are successfully received by their destination
Slot synchronization
Synchronization algorithm
• • • Predicts the time of arrival of the next sync pulse at its receiver Estimates the round trip delay A node transmits the information one round trip delay prior to the estimated time of arrival.
Slotted Aloha/Slotted Aloha protocol
• • Some basic assumption No. of wavelength or channel, W • • Aloha used in single channel broadcast network where any node that has a packet to send transmits it immediately. Whereas In slotted aloha time is divided into slots whose length is equal to the maximum sized packet • In multichannel network The time is divided into slots for data as well as the control channel Operation: When a data to be send : Control packet is sent in control slot • Data packet is sent in data slot Every node – Keeps listening to the control channel – When a transmission to its address is detected, it tunes the rx on channel λT This is called “tell-and-go” approach (data is assumed to be received after large propagation delays) There can be collisions and contention. Control wavelength protocol : Slotted Aloha Data wavelength protocol: Slotted Aloha Thus the name Slotted Aloha / Slotted Aloha • • • To avoid useless transmissions on the data channels after collisions on control and data channels, it is possible to use a “wait-and- see” approach: do not transmit data until the control frame is received back (after a propagation delay); we get: higher throughput higher access delays Defined as the delay between the time at which a packet is available for transmission at a node and the time at which it is first transmitted Some assumptions are required 1. Independent transmission 2. Large “n” 3. Uniform traffic In any slot and for any node the probability that the node has a packet for transmission is p, independent of all other slots and all other nodes. • No. of nodes in the network n is very large compared to W • • Assume that W is fixed but n G np ∞ and p 0 then The expected no. packets in the network is • Data packets is equally likely to be transmitted on any one of the W data channels Expected no. of data packets that are successful in any data slot for basic SA/SA is LGe -G /W.(e -G/W )2 (L-1) And for modified SA/SA LGe -G /W.(1- Ge -G /W)2 (L-1) • • • Dynamic Time-Wavelength Division Multiaccess This protocol assume that the – – – – Number of nodes n is equal to the number of wavelengths W. Each node has a 1 Fixed Tr, 1 Tunable Rx and 1 Fixed Rx for the control channel The size of the data slots is n times the control slots. The data slots do not overlap in time. When ever a node, say x immediately following it. i , has a data packet to send, it sends a control packet in a control slot and the data packet in the data slot • • Each node continuously monitors the control channel. Thus when node x j , receives a control packet send by node x wavelength I so it tunes its TR to that wavelength. i it knows that the next data slot has a packet intended for it being transmitted on Features : Data packets never collide also control packet never collide. Scheduling protocol is a self study. .. Test beds Lambdanet NTT Rainbow I Rainbow II Starnet I BBC Topology Star Star Star Star Star Interconnected Star No.of wavelength 18(18) 100(100) 12(32) 4(32) 2(80) -(16) Wavelength Spacing 2nm 10GHz 1nm 1nm 10GHz 4nm Bit Rate per wavelength 1.5Gb/s 622 Mb/s 300 Mb/s 1 Gb/s 1.25/2.5Gb/s 2.5 Gb/sSlotted Aloha/Slotted Aloha
Basic Slotted Aloha/Slotted Aloha protocol
Basic Slotted Aloha/Slotted Aloha protocol
Modified SA/SA
Access delays
Through put analysis
Independent transmission
Large “n”
Uniform traffic
Throughput analysis
DT-WDMA
Test beds