Transcript Earth History GEOL 2110 Lecture 7 Fundamentals of Stratigraphy I Geologic Time Scale, Stratigraphic Units, Sedimentary Facies.

Earth History
GEOL 2110
Lecture 7
Fundamentals of Stratigraphy I
Geologic Time Scale, Stratigraphic Units,
Sedimentary Facies
Major Concepts
• In the early 1800’s, the geologic rock record and time scale
was deciphered from careful mapping and observations of
fossil assemblages throughout Europe
• In studying modern sedimentary environments it became
obvious that different types of sediment were deposited in
transitional geological enviornments simultaneously – this
gave rise to the idea of sedimentary facies
• As a correlary to the recognition of sedimentary facies, it is
clear that rock units (formations) are not perfectly time
equivalent along their lateral extent
• Although time is evident in a vertical succession of strata,
one must use fossil correlation to establish time
equivalence laterally
Early Mapping and Correlation of Strata
Armed with the principles of superposition, original horizontality, cross cutting
relationships, correlation of faunal assemblages, and index fossils, the relative
ages of rocks throughout Europe were mapped out in the early 1800’s
Relative Geologic Time
The Modern (relative) Geologic Time Scale
Stratigraphy
The study of layered sequences of
sedimentary and/or volcanic rock that
conform to the principles of superposition
A geologic rock unit is a naturally occurring
body of rock or rock material distinguished
from adjoining bodies of rock on the basis of
some stated property or properties. Commonly
used properties include composition, texture,
included fossils, magnetic signature,
radioactivity, seismic velocity, and age.
A lithostratigraphic unit is a geologic rock unit
that conform to the principles of
superposition.
Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that deals with the distribution of
fossils in the stratigraphic record and the classification of bodies of rock or rock
material into biostratigraphic units based on their contained fossils.
The Birth of
Stratigraphy
Great Britain
Rock Units vs. Time Units
From A. Hallam
Great Geological
Controversies
Oxford Press,
1989
Categories of Stratigraphic Units
Units based on content or physical limits
Lithostratigraphic
Lithodemic
Magnetopolarity
Biostratigraphic
Pedostratigraphic
Allostratigraphic
A lithodemic unit is a defined body of predominantly
intrusive, highly deformed, and/or highly
metamorphosed rock, distinguished and delimited on
the basis of rock characteristics. In contrast to
lithostratigraphic units, a lithodemic unit generally
does not conform to the Law of Superposition.
Categories of
Stratigraphic Units
Lithostratigraphic
Lithodemic
Magnetopolarity -alternating normal and
reversed polarity
Biostratigraphic
Pedostratigraphic
Allostratigraphic
A magnetostratigraphic unit is a body of rock
unified by specified remanent-magnetic
properties and is distinct from underlying and
overlying magnetostratigraphic units having
different magnetic properties.
Categories of Stratigraphic Units
Lithostratigraphic
Lithodemic
Magnetopolarity
Biostratigraphic – based on the principles of
faunal succession and superposition
Pedostratigraphic
Allostratigraphic
A biostratigraphic unit is a body of
rock that is defined or characterized
by its fossil content.
Categories of Stratigraphic Units
Lithostratigraphic
Lithodemic
Magnetopolarity
Biostratigraphic
Pedostratigraphic – Soil horizons
(regolith)
Allostratigraphic
A pedostratigraphic unit is a
body of rock that consists of
one or more pedologic
horizons
Categories of Stratigraphic Units
Lithostratigraphic
Lithodemic
Magnetopolarity
Biostratigraphic
Pedostratigraphic
Allostratigraphic
An allostratigraphic unit is a mappable body
of rock that is defined and identified on the
basis of its bounding discontinuities
Heirarchy of Lithostratigraphic Units
A lithostratigraphic unit is a defined body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous,
metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished and delimited
on the basis of lithology and stratigraphic position. It generally conforms to the
Law of Superposition and commonly is stratified and tabular in form.
Supergroup- a formal assemblage of related or superposed groups, or of groups and
formations. Such units have proved useful in regional and provincial syntheses. Supergroups
should be named only where their recognition serves a clear purpose.
Group - the lithostratigraphic unit next higher in rank to formation; a group may consist
entirely of named formations, or alternatively, need not be composed entirely of named
formations.
Formation - the fundamental unit in lithostratigraphic classification. A formation is a body of
rock identified by lithic characteristics and stratigraphic position; it is prevailingly but not
necessarily tabular and is mappable at the Earth's surface or traceable in the subsurface.
Member - formal lithostratigraphic unit next in rank below a formation and is always a part of
some formation. It is recognized as a named entity within a formation because it possesses
characteristics distinguishing it from adjacent parts of the formation. A formation need not be
divided into members unless a useful purpose is served by doing so. Some formations may be
divided completely into members; others may have only certain parts designated as members;
still others may have no members.
Bed(s) - the smallest formal lithostratigraphic unit of sedimentary rocks.
Flow - the smallest formal lithostratigraphic unit of volcanic flow rocks. A flow is a discrete,
extrusive, volcanic body distinguishable by texture, composition, order of superposition,
paleomagnetism, or other objective criteria.
From NASC, 2005
Categories of Geologic Time Units
A geochronologic unit is a
division of time distinguished
on the basis of the rock and
fossil record preserved in a
chrono-stratigraphic unit.
Example: Devonian Period.
A chronostratigraphic unit is a
body of rock established to
serve as the material reference
for all rocks formed during the
same span of time. Example:
Devonian System
Subdivisions of Geologic Units
Fundamental Units
From NASC, 2005
Boundaries between Lithostratigraphic Units
Boundaries of lithostratigraphic units are placed at positions of lithologic
change. Boundaries are placed at distinct contacts or may be selected at
some arbitrary level within zones of gradation. Both vertical and lateral
boundaries are based on the lithic criteria that provide the greatest unity
and utility. i.e. lithostratigraphic boundaries are rarely time equivalent.
From NASC, 2005
Depositional Environments and
Sedimentary Facies
Depositional Environments and
Sedimentary Facies
Depositional Environments and
Sedimentary Facies
Transgression/Regression
Walther’s Law
The vertical progression of facies will be the
same as the corresponding lateral facies changes
Transgression/Regression in the
Midcontinent during the Early Paleozoic
Tran
Advanced Transgression
Regression
Paleozoic Formations of the Upper Midwest
Earth History
GEOL 2110
Lecture 8
Fundamentals of Stratigraphy II
Biostratigraphy, Time Markers, and
Unconformities
Biostratigraphy
A biostratigraphic unit is a
body of rock that is defined or
characterized by its fossil
content.
A fossil zone (or biozone) is an
interval of strata characterized
by a particular index fossil.
The best index fossils are
those that evolve rapidly and
were not sensitive to the
sedimentary environment
(flyers and floaters)
Index Fossils and Sedimentary Facies
Good Index Fossil
Cephlapods – Rapid evolving
Floaters
Poor Index Fossil
Brachiopods – Slow evolving
Sand burrowers
Index Fossils and Sedimentary Facies
Faciesdependent
Faciesindependent
Best Ever! Index Fossils
Conodonts
Eel-like creatures with hard “teeth and
jaw” parts; Existed Late Cambrian (495
Ma) to Late Triassic (200 Ma)
Graptolites
Planktonic colonial
zooids that floated
in the oceans
(“ocean beehives”)
Existed from
Ordovician (490
Ma) to Devonian
(419 Ma)
Biozones – Formations of Biostratigraphy
Regional Time Markers
Volcanic Ash Eruptions
Long Valley Caldera
700,000 yr
Mt Mazama Eruption
6,500 yr
Global Time Markers
Meteor Impacts
K-T Boundary
mudstone-impact layer (Ir anomaly)
K-T impact site
The 1.85 Ga Sudbury Impact
The First Major Extinction Event ??
Iron Formation
Breccia
Accretionary
Lapilli
And you thought you were
having a bad day…
CALCULATED ARRIVAL TIMES
FOR EFFECTS AT GUNFLINT LAKE
(480 miles from Sudbury Impact)
Meteorite.org, Pangea International, Inc
1) ~13 seconds—Fireball (thermal radiation=3rd degree burns; 50 minutes)
2) ~2-3 minutes—Earthquake (magnitude >10 at Sudbury, 1000X Haiti)
(New data estimates magnitude 13 at Chicxulub)
3) ~5-10 minutes—Airborne ejecta arrives (~1-3 m thick , fragments < 1 cm)
4) ~40 minutes—Air blast (compression wave, wind speeds >1400 mph)
5) ~1-2 hours—Tsunami (the first of several?)
6) Post-impact environmental changes (duration and magnitude? Global?)
www.lpl.arizona.edu/impacteffects
Global Time Markers
Magnetic Reversals
ODP site 1149
Global Time Markers
Climate Change
A typical deep sea sediment
core record of ∂18O in
foraminifera shells
Unconformities
Gaps in the Geological Record
Siccar Point, Scotland
Utah
Types of Unconformities
Nonconformity – Sedimentary/volcanic strata resting on intrusive or metamorphic rocks
Angular Unconformity – Relatively flat-lying strata resting on steeply-dipping strata
Disconformity – Strata resting conformably on other strata across a significant time gap
Creating
Unconformities
Nonconformity
Angular Unconformity
Grand Canyon
Stratigraphy
Unconformities related to Regression - Transgression
Disconformity
Paleozoic Formations of the Upper Midwest
The Jordan Sandstone
Disconformity
Missing
Fossils
Gaps in the Minnesota Timescale
Global Unconformities
Ordovician
Global Unconformities at the
Edges of the Continents
Reading Time in Strata
Next Lecture
Absolute Dating of the Earth
Quiz – Chapters 4 & 5