Transcript Pengantar Ekonomi Makro Bagian Pertama Company LOGO Andri Wijanarko,SE,ME [email protected] Exponent of Modern Economics Company LOGO Exponent of Modern Economics #1 Adam Smith An Inquiry into the Natures and Causes.

Pengantar Ekonomi Makro
Bagian Pertama
Company
LOGO
Andri Wijanarko,SE,ME
[email protected]
Exponent of Modern Economics
Company
LOGO
Exponent of Modern Economics #1
Adam Smith
An Inquiry into the Natures and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(1776)
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Exponent of Modern Economics #2
Adam Smith
• How individual prices are
set
• How prices of land, labor
and capital are set
• Inquired into the strengths
and weakness of the
market mechanism
Founder of Microeconomics
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Exponent of Modern Economics #3
John Maynard Keynes
General Theory of Employment,
Interest and Money (1936)
5
Exponent of Modern Economics #4
Keynes
• Theory of what causes
unemployment and
economic downturns.
• How Investment and
consumption are
determined
• How central bank manage
money and interest rates
• Why some nations thrive
while others stagnate
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Great Depression 1930s
Company
LOGO
Great Depression #1
It was the longest, most
widespread, and deepest
depression of the 20th
century.
In the 21st century, the Great
Depression is commonly used as an
example of how far the world's
economy can decline
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Great Depression #2
The Great Depression
had devastating effects
in virtually every
country, rich and poor.
Personal income tax
revenue, profits and
prices dropped, while
international trade
plunged by more than
50%.
Unemployment in the
U.S. rose to 25%, and
in some countries rose
as high as 33%
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Great Depression #3
The depression originated in the U.S., starting with the fall in stock prices that
began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock
market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). From there, it
quickly spread to almost every country in the world.
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Great Depression #4
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Great Depression #5
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Great Depression #6
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Definition of Economics
Company
LOGO
Definition of Economics #1
Paul A. Samuelson
Studies how the prices of labor,
capital, and land are set in the
economy, and how these price are
use to allocate resources.
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Definition of Economics #2
Explores the behavior of the financial
markets and analyzed how they
allocate capital to the rest of the
economy
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Definition of Economics #3
Analyzes the consequences of
government regulation on market
efficiency
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Definition of Economics #4
Examines the distribution of income,
and suggest ways that the poor can
be helped without harming the
performance of economy
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Definition of Economics #5
Looks at the impact of government
spending taxes, and budget deficits
on growth
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Definition of Economics #6
Studies the upswings and downturns
in unemployment and production that
make up the bussiness cycle, and
develops government policies for
improving economic growth
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Definition of Economics #7
Examines the patterns of trade among
nations and analyzes the impact of
trade barrier
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Definition of Economics #8
Looks at growth in developing
countries, and proposes ways to
encourage the efficient use of
resources
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Definition of Economics - Conclusion
Economics is the study of how
societies use scarse resources to
produce valuable commodities and
distribute them among different
people
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Definition of Economics - Keywords
Keywords of Economics :
a) study
b) societies use scarse resources
c) produce valuable commodities
d) distribute
e) different people
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Root of Macroeconomics
Company
LOGO
Root of Macroeconomics #1
Microeconomics examines the behavior of
individual decision-making units—business
firms and households.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy
as a whole; it examines the behavior of
economic aggregates such as aggregate
income, consumption, investment, and the
overall level of prices.

Aggregate behavior refers to the behavior of all
households and firms together.
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Root of Macroeconomics #1
Microeconomics
vs
Macroeconomics
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Root of Macroeconomics #2
Macroeconomists often reflect on the
microeconomic principles underlying
macroeconomic analysis, or the
microeconomic foundations of
macroeconomics.
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Root of Macroeconomics #3
Classical economists applied
microeconomic models, or “market
clearing” models, to economy-wide
problems.
However, simple classical models failed to
explain the prolonged existence of high
unemployment during the Great
Depression. This provided the impetus
for the development of macroeconomics.
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Root of Macroeconomics #4a
Three of the major concerns of
macroeconomics are:
Inflation
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Root of Macroeconomics #4b
Three of the major concerns of
macroeconomics are:
Output
Growth
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Root of Macroeconomics #4c
Three of the major
concerns of
macroeconomics are:
Unemployment
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Root of Macroeconomics #5
Keynes believed governments could
intervene in the economy and affect the
level of output and employment.
During periods of low private demand, the
government can stimulate aggregate
demand to lift the economy out of
recession.
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Root of Macroeconomics #6
There are three kinds of policy that the
government has used to influence the
macroeconomy:



Fiscal policy
Monetary policy
Growth or supply-side policies
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Root of Macroeconomics #7
Fiscal policy
refers to
government
policies
concerning taxes
and spending.
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Root of Macroeconomics #8
Monetary policy consists
of tools used by the
Federal Reserve to
control the quantity of
money in the economy.
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Root of Macroeconomics #9
Growth policies are government
policies that focus on stimulating
aggregate supply instead of aggregate
demand.
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Components of Macroeconomics
Company
LOGO
Components of Macroeconomics #1
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Components of Macroeconomics #2
Transfer payments are
payments made by the
government to people who do
not supply goods, services, or
labor in exchange for these
payments.
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Components of Macroeconomics #3
Households, firms, the government,
and the rest of the world all interact in
three different market arenas:
1.
2.
3.
Goods-and-services market
Labor market
Money (financial) market
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Components of Macroeconomics #4
Households and the government purchase
goods and services (demand) from firms in the
goods-and services market, and firms supply
to the goods and services market.
In the labor market, firms and government
purchase (demand) labor from households
(supply).

The total supply of labor in the economy depends on
the sum of decisions made by households.
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Components of Macroeconomics #5
In the money market—sometimes called
the financial market—households
purchase stocks and bonds from firms.


Households supply funds to this market in the
expectation of earning income, and also
demand (borrow) funds from this market.
Firms, government, and the rest of the world
also engage in borrowing and lending,
coordinated by financial institutions.
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References :
a) Economics (Samuelson & Nordhaus)
b) Economics (Case, Fair)
c) Teaching material adopted from Fernando & Yvone Quijano
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