Transcript EE 369 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS Lecture 5 Development of Transmission Line Models Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick.

EE 369
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Lecture 5
Development of Transmission Line Models
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
1
Reading
• For lectures 5 through 7 read Chapter 4
– we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and
4.12 in detail.
• HW 4 is 2.31, 2.41, 2.48, 4.8, 4.10, 4.12, 4.13,
4.15, 4.19, 4.20, 4.22, due Thursday 9/24.
• Mid-term I is Thursday, October 1, covering up
to and including material in HW 4.
• HW 5 is Problems 4.24, 4.25 (assume Cardinal
conductor and look up GMR in Table A.4),
4.26, 4.33, 4.36, 4.38, 4.49, 4.1, 4.3, 4.6; due
Thursday 10/8.
2
Substation Bus
3
Inductance Example
•Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil wound
tightly on a toroidal iron core that has a radius of
R and a cross-sectional area of A. Assume
1) all flux is within the coil
2) all flux links each turn
3) Radius of each turn is negligible compared to R
Circular path Γ of radius R within the
iron core encloses all N turns of the
coil and hence links total enclosed
current of Ie = NI.
Since the radius of each turn is
negligible compared to R, all circular
paths within the iron core have
radius approximately equal to R. 4
Inductance Example, cont’d
Ie 
  H dl
NI  H 2 R (path encloses I e  NI ; path length is 2 R,)
NI
H 
(H varies somewhat with R, but ignore,)
2 R
B   H  r 0 H (linear magnetic material,)
  A B (assuming H and therefore B constant,)
  N  (each of the N turns link flux  ,)
NI
  NAB  NAr 0
2 R
N 2 Ar 0
L /I 
H
2 R
5
Inductance of a Single Wire
•To develop models of transmission lines, we first
need to determine the inductance of a single,
infinitely long wire. To do this we need to
determine the wire’s total flux linkage, including:
1. flux linkages outside of the wire
2. flux linkages within the wire
•We’ll assume that the current density within the
wire is uniform and that the wire is solid with a
radius of r.
•In fact, current density is non-uniform, and
conductor is stranded, so our calculations will be
approximate.
6
Flux Linkages outside of the wire
We'll think of the wire as a single loop "closed" by
a return wire that is infinitely far away. Therefore
 = since there is N = 1 turn. The flux linking
a length of wire outside it to a distance of R from
the wire center is derived as follows:
I
 
A B da
 length
R
r
0
I
2 x

  H dl
dx
7
Flux Linkages outside, cont’d
   
A B da
 length
R
r
0
I
dx
2 x
Since length =  we'll deal with per unit length values,
assumed to be per meter.

meter

R
r
0
R
0
dx 
I ln
2 x
2
r
I
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R  
8
Flux linkages inside of wire
Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside
of the conductor due to the skin effect. The penetration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
the skin depth =
1
where f is the frequency in Hz
 f 
and  is the conductivity in siemens/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth 
 0.33 inch at 60Hz.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.
9
Flux linkages inside, cont’d
Wire cross section Current enclosed within distance
x2
x from center  I e  2 I
r
x
Ie
Ix
Hx 

r
2 x 2 r 2
However, situation is not as simple as outside wire
case since flux only links part of wire (need Biot-Savart law
to derive): inside
Ix x 2
  B da  (length)   
dx
2
2
A
0 2 r r
r
0 r
 r Ix 3
 (length)   4 dx  (length) 
I.
2 0 r
8
10
Line Total Flux & Inductance
0
R 0  r
Total (per meter) 
I ln 
I
2
r
8
0  R r 
Total (per meter) 
I  ln  
2  r 4 
0  R r 
L(per meter) 
 ln  
2  r 4 
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we let
R go to infinity.
Note that inductance depends on logarithm
of ratio of lengths.
11
Inductance Simplification
Inductance expression can be simplified using
two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b
ln  ln a  ln b a  ln( e a )
b
 r


0  R  r  0 
4
L
ln R   ln r  ln e
 ln   


2  r 4  2 


   r 4   0 R
0 
L
ln R  ln  re

ln



2 

  2 r '
Where r'
re
 r
4
 0.78r for r  1
We call r' the "effective radius" of the conductor.
12
Two Conductor Line Inductance
•Key problem with the previous derivation is we
assumed no return path for the current. Now
consider the case of two wires, each carrying the
same current I, but in opposite directions; assume
the wires are separated by distance D.
D
Creates counterclockwise field
To determine the
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
now we get some
field cancellation.
Creates a
clockwise field
13
Two Conductor Case, cont’d
D
D
R
Direction of integration
Key Point: Flux linkage due to currents in each conductor tend
to cancel out. Use superposition to get total flux linkage.
Consider flux linked by left conductor from distance 0 to R.
For a distance from left conductor that is greater than 2D,
flux due to the right conductor from distance 0 to D
cancels the flux due to the right conductor from D to 2 D :
Summing the fluxes yields: left
0
R 0
RD


I ln 
I ln 

2
r ' 2
 D 
Left Current
14
Right Current
Two Conductor Inductance
Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)
left
Lleft
0  R
R  D 


I  ln  ln 

2  r '
 D 
0

I  ln R  ln r ' ln( R  D )  ln D 
2
0  D
R 

I  ln  ln

2  r '
RD
0  D 

I  ln  as R  
2  r ' 
0  D 

 ln  H/m
2  r ' 
15
Many-Conductor Case
Now assume we now have n conductors,
with the k-th conductor having current ik, and
arranged in some specified geometry.
We’d like to find flux linkages of each conductor.
Each conductor’s flux
linkage, k, depends upon
its own current and the
current in all the other
conductors.
For example, to derive the flux linkage for conductor 1, 1, we’ll be integrating from
conductor 1 (at origin) to the right along the x-axis.
16
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d
Rk is the
distance
from conductor k
to point
c.
At point b the net
contribution to 1
from ik , 1k, is zero.
We’d like to integrate the flux crossing between b to c.
But the flux crossing between a and c is easier to
calculate and provides a very good approximation of 1k.
Point a is at distance d1k from conductor k.
17
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d
0 
R1
R2
1 
i1 ln '  i2 ln


2 
d12
r1
0 
1
1

i1 ln '  i2 ln


2 
d12
r1
Rn 
 in ln
,

d1n 
1 
 in ln
d1n 
0
 i1 ln R1  i2 ln R2 
2
 in ln Rn .
As R1 goes to infinity, R1  R2  Rn so the second
0  n 
term from above can be written =   i j  ln R1.
2  j 1 
18
Many-Conductor Case, cont’d
n
Therefore if
 i j  0, which is true in a balanced
j 1
three phase system, then the second term is zero and
0 
1
1
1 
i1 ln '  i2 ln


2 
d12
r1
 L11i1  L12i2
1 
 in ln
,

d1n 
 L1nin
System has self and mutual inductance.
However, the mutual inductance can be canceled for
balanced 3 systems with symmetry.
19
Symmetric Line Spacing – 69 kV
20
Line Inductance Example
Calculate the reactance for a balanced 3, 60Hz
transmission line with a conductor geometry of an
equilateral triangle with D = 5m, r = 1.24cm (Rook
conductor) and a length of 5 miles.
Since system is assumed
balanced
ia  ib  ic
0 
1
1
1 
a 
ia ln( )  ib ln( )  ic ln( ) 

2 
r'
D
D 
21
Line Inductance Example, cont’d
Substituting ia  ib  ic , obtain:
0 
1
1 


a 
i
ln

i
ln


 
a
a
2 
r
'
 
 D 
0
D


ia ln   .
2
 r' 
0  D  4  107 
5

La 
ln   
ln 
3 
2  r ' 
2
 9.67  10 
 1.25  106 H/m.
Again note logarithm of ratio of distance between
phases to the size of the conductor.
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Line Inductance Example, cont’d
La  1.25  10
6
H/m
Converting to reactance
Xa
 2  60  1.25  106
 4.71  104 /m
 0.768 /mile
X Total for 5 mile line  3.79 
(this is the total per phase)
The reason we did NOT have mutual inductance
was because of the symmetric conductor spacing
23
Conductor Bundling
To increase the capacity of high voltage transmission
lines it is very common to use a number of
conductors per phase. This is known as conductor
bundling. Typical values are two conductors for
345 kV lines, three for 500 kV and four for 765 kV.
24
Bundled Conductor Flux Linkages
•For the line shown on the left,
define dij as the distance between
conductors i and j.
•We can then determine k for conductor k.
•Assuming ¼ of the phase current flows
in each of the four conductors in
a given phase bundle, then for conductor 1:
i  1


1
1
1
 ln
 ln
 
 a  ln  ln

d12
d13
d14 
4  r'

 


0  ib
1
1
1
1
1 
 ln
 ln
 ln
 ln
  
2  4  d15
d16
d17
d18  


 ic  1
1
1
1 
 ln
 ln
 ln

  ln
d1,10
d1,11
d1,12  
 4  d19
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Bundled Conductors, cont’d
Simplifying




1
i ln 



1
a 


4
 (r ' d12 d13d14 ) 






0 
1



1 
i
ln

b

2
 ( d d d d ) 14  

 15 16 17 18
 






1


ic ln

1

4 

(
d
d
d
d
)
 19 1,10 1,11 1,12

26
Bundled Conductors, cont’d
Rb
geometric mean radius (GMR) of bundle
 (r ' d12 d13d14 )
 (r ' d12
D1b
d1b
1
4
1
) b
for our example
in general
geometric mean distance (GMD) of
conductor 1 to phase b.
 (d15d16 d17 d18 )
D1c
1
4
 D2b  D3b  D4b  Dab
 (d19 d1,10 d1,11d1,12 )
1
4
 D2c  D3c  D4c  Dac
27
Inductance of Bundle
If Dab  Dac  Dbc  D and ia  ib  ic
Then
 1 
0 
1 

1 
ia ln    ia ln   

2 
 D 
 Rb 
D
0

I a ln  
2
 Rb 
D
0

4 I1 ln  
2
 Rb 
D
0
L1 
 4  ln   , which is the
2
 Rb 
self-inductance of wire 1.
28
Inductance of Bundle, cont’d
But remember each bundle has b conductors
in parallel (4 in this example).
So, there are four inductances in parallel:
0  D 
La  L1 / b 
ln   .
2  Rb 
Again note that inductance depends on the
logarithm of the ratio of distance between phases
to the size of bundle of conductors.
Inductance decreases with decreasing distance between
phases and increasing bundle size.
29
Bundle Inductance Example
Consider the previous example of the three phases
symmetrically spaced 5 meters apart using wire
with a radius of r = 1.24 cm. Except now assume
each phase has 4 conductors in a square bundle,
spaced 0.25 meters apart. What is the new inductance
per meter? r  1.24  102 m r '  9.67  103 m

0.25 M
0.25 M
3
Rb  9.67  10  0.25  0.25  ( 2  0.25)
0.25 M
4
 0.12 m (ten times bigger than r!)
0
5
La 
ln
 7.46  107 H/m
2 0.12
Bundling reduces inductance.
30
1
Transmission Tower Configurations
•The problem with the line analysis we’ve done
so far is we have assumed a symmetrical tower
configuration.
•Such a tower configuration is seldom practical.
• Therefore in
general Dab 
Dac  Dbc
Typical Transmission Tower
Configuration
•Unless something
was done this would
result in unbalanced
Phases.
31
Transposition
To keep system balanced, over the length of
a transmission line the conductors are
“rotated” so each phase occupies each
position on tower for an equal distance.
This is known as transposition.
Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length
of the transmission line.
32
Line Transposition Example
33
Line Transposition Example
34
Transposition Impact on Flux
Linkages
For a uniformly transposed line we can
calculate the flux linkage for phase "a"
1 0
a 
3 2

1
1
1 
 I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d  

12
13 
“a” phase in
position “1”
1 0
3 2

1
1
1 
 I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d  

13
23 
“a” phase in
position “3”
1 0
3 2

1
1
1 
 I a ln r '  I b ln d  I c ln d 

23
12 
“a” phase in
position “2”
35
Transposition Impact, cont’d
Recognizing that
1
1

(ln a  ln b  ln c )  ln  ( abc ) 3 
3


We can simplify so


 
1
1
 I a ln  I b ln 
 
1
 d d d  3  
r'

0
 12 13 23

a 


2 



1

 I c ln 

1
 d d d  3 


 12 13 23

36
Inductance of Transposed Line
Define the geometric mean distance (GMD)
Dm
 d12d13d 23 
1
3
Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a  - I b - I c )
0 
Dm
1
1  0
a 
I a ln  I a ln

I a ln


2 
r'
Dm  2
r'
Hence
0 Dm
Dm
7
La 
ln
 2  10 ln
H/m
2
r'
r'
Again, logarithm of ratio of distance between phases
to conductor size.
37
Inductance with Bundling
If the line is bundled with a geometric mean
radius, Rb , then
0
Dm
a 
I a ln
2
Rb
0 Dm
Dm
7
La 
ln
 2  10 ln
H/m
2 Rb
Rb
38
Inductance Example
 Calculate the per phase inductance and
reactance of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, line with:
– horizontal phase spacing of 10m
– using three conductor bundling with a spacing
between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m.
 Assume the line is uniformly transposed and the
conductors have a 1cm radius.
39
Inductance Example
Dm   d12 d13d 23 
1
3,
 (10  (2  10)  10)1/ 3  12.6m,
r'=r e
 r
4
 0.0078m,
1
Rb  ( r ' d bundle d bundle ) 3 , where d bundle is the
distance between conductors in bundle
 ( r ' 0.3  0.3)1/ 3  0.0888m,
0 Dm
La 
ln
2 Rb
 9.9  107 H/m,
X a  2 fLa (1600m/mile) = 0.6/mile.
40