Transcript Chapter 9 The Internet and Its Applications 11/7/2015 11:50:49 AM The Internet Three aspects of the Internet evolution Capacity growth Application and traffic growth Internet policy change 11/7/2015 11:50:49

Chapter 9
The Internet and Its
Applications
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1
The Internet
Three aspects of the Internet
evolution
Capacity growth
Application and traffic growth
Internet policy change
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Internet Capacity
ARPANET (1969): The Internet was started by the U.S.
Department of Defense as a network of four computers.
- 1974, 62 hosts
- 1983, 1000 hosts
- 1989, decommissioned
NSFNET (1986): Built up by National Science Foundation with a
3-tier structure
- 1987, 10,000 hosts in the Internet, 1000 in BITNET
- 1988, upgraded to T1 (1.544 Mbps).
- 1991, upgraded to T3 (45Mbps)
- 1995, decommissioned
vBNS (1995): 622Mbps in 1995
vBNS+ (now): 2.5 Gbps (or more)
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3
NSFNET
By 1991, the NSFNET's
backbone network service
has been upgraded to
T3 (45 Mbps) links
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Internet Policy
Originally, commercial traffic was forbidden on
the Internet, because the major portions of
these networks were funded by the various
national governments and research
organizations.
In the early 1990s, commercial networks began
connecting into these networks, opening it to
commercial traffic.
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Today’s Internet
Network access point (NAP)
The NAP is defined as a high-speed network or switch to
which a number of routers can be connected for the purpose
of traffic exchange. NAPs must operate at speeds of at least
100 Mbps and must be able to be upgraded as required by
demand and usage.
The concept of the NAP is built on the FIX (Federal Internet
eXchange) and the CIX (Commercial Internet eXchange),
which are built around FDDI rings with attached Internet
networks operating at speeds of up to 45 Mbps.
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Abilene
vBNS
CA*Net 3
Figure 9-11 Gigapops and high speed backbones of Internet 2/Abilene, vBNS, and CA*Net 3
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Abilene
Abilene is an advanced backbone network
that supports the development and
deployment of the new applications being
developed within the Internet2 community.
Abilene connects regional network
aggregation points, called gigaPoPs, to
support the work of Internet2 universities as
they develop advanced Internet applications.
Abilene complements other high-performance
research networks.
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Some vBNS Facts (2001)
Speed: 2.5 Gbps (OC-48)
Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS)
0.001% Packet loss and 100%
availability
both unicast and multicast
IPv6 enabled
Extends to Europe and Asia
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Internet Hosts Growth
(Recent statistics)
July 1999:
January 2000:
July 2000:
January 2001:
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56,218,000 Internet hosts
68,862,283 Internet hosts
86,509,613 Internet hosts
113,873,000 Internet hosts (MIDS)
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Internet Host Growth
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Local ISP
Local ISP
Regional ISP
National ISP
Regional ISP
NAP
National ISP
National ISP
Regional ISP
National ISP
NAP
National ISP
National ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
MAE
Regional ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Local ISP
Figure 9-1 Basic Internet Architecture
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Local ISP
Regional ISP
Local ISP
MAE: Metropolitan area exchanger
Local ISP
Local ISP
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Individual
Dial-up Customers
ISP POP
ISP Point-of Presence
Modem Pool
ISP POP
Corporate
T1 Customer
T1 CSU/DSU
Layer-2
Switch
Corporate
T3 Customer
ATM
Switch
ISP POP
T3 CSU/DSU
Remote
Access
Server
Corporate
OC-3 Customer
ATM Switch
Figure 9-2 Inside an ISP Point of Presence
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NAP/MAE
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ISP A
ISP D
Router
Router
ATM
Switch
ISP B
ISP E
Router
ISP C
ATM Switch
Route
Server
Router
Figure 9-3 Inside the Internet’s Chicago Network Access Point
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ISP F
ATM Switch
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Customer Premises
Individual Premise
DSL Modem
Main
Distribution
Frame
Line Splitter
Voice
Telephone
Network
Hub
Telephone
Individual
Premise
Wireless
Transceiver
Individual
Premise
DSL Access
Multiplexer
Computer Computer
Wireless Access Office
Customer
Premises
Wireless
Transceiver
Customer
Premises
Figure 9-9 Fixed wireless architecture
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Router
ISP POP
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WAP Client
WAE
User
Agent
WAP Gateway
Web Site
Web Server
WAE
Requests
WAE
Responses
(plus WML, etc.)
Wireless
Transceiver
WAE
Requests
Wireless Telephony
Application Server
WAE
Responses
(plus WML, etc.)
WAE
Requests
WAE
Responses
(plus WML, etc.)
HTTP Requests
WAP Proxy
HTTP Responses
(plus HTML, jpeg, etc.)
Figure 9-10 Mobile wireless architecture for WAP applications
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Sprint
Abilene
CA*Net 3
UUNet
Verio
DREN
WSU
Router
Boeing
Router
Router
U Idaho
Microsoft
Switch
Switch
Router
Router
Montana
State U
HSCC
Router
High-speed
Router
High-speed
Router
AT&T
U Montana
Router
Switch
Switch
SCCD
Router
Sprint
U Alaska
Portland
POP
U Wash
11/7/2015 11:50:49 AM Figure 9-12 Inside the Pacific/Northwest Gigapop
OC-48
OC-12
T-3
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