AP BIOLOGY Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto RuBP in Calvin cycle in C3 plants. RUBISCO Name the cells.
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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Name the enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of carbon onto RuBP in Calvin cycle in C3 plants. RUBISCO Name the cells that control the opening and closing of stomates on the underneath surface of leaves Guard cells A stack of thylakoids is called a _______ granum (pl. grana) Organisms that get energy by consuming other living things Heterotrophs (consumers) Fluid filled compartment inside the thylakoids Thylakoid space or lumen Chloroplasts are found mainly in __________ mesophyll cells in the interior of the leaf WHERE DOES IT GO? KREBS CYCLE CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION mitochondria KREBS CYCLE chloroplast CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C3 plants Mesophyll cells Electron carrier that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions NADP+ Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions NADPH, ATP, and O2 Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in C4 plants Mesophyll cells Molecule that provide electrons to replace the electrons in chlorophyll a in PSII that are energized and passed down the H OETC 2 Name the product(s) of the light independent reactions G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate) (….glucose) Which kind of plants use this pathway to fix CO2? C4 plants have bundle sheath cells Name the enzyme used to add CO2 to PEP in this pathway PEP carboxylase Which molecule is added to RuBP during photorespiration? oxygen 5-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C3 plants RuBP- Ribulose bisphosphate Light absorbing molecules like chlorophyll and carotenoids are pigments called ____________ WHERE DOES IT GO? FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR at end of ETC = ? ENERGY SOURCE = ? LOCATION OF ETC = ? mitochondria Final electron acceptor = O2 Glucose is energy Source ETC in cristae (inner membrane) chloroplast Final electron acceptor = NADP+ Sunlight is energy source ETC in thylokoid membrane Type of cell where Calvin cycle happens in C4 plants Bundle sheath cells 3-carbon molecule to which CO2 is added during carbon fixation in C4 and CAM plants PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate) Name the reactants of the Calvin cycle ATP, NADPH, CO2 CAM plants fix carbon in mesophyll at night cells _______. during the day at night GAIN electrons when they Molecules _____ are reduced. (lose gain) Remember: OIL RIG Oxidation Is Losing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons Name the enzyme that adds CO2 to PEP when carbon is fixed in C4 and CAM plants PEP carboxylase Crassulacean acid CAM stands for ________________ metabolism Give some examples of CAM plants Succulents (jade, sedum), cactus, pineapple, WHERE DOES IT GO? CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAVE DNA HAVE CYTOCHROMES UBIQUINONE (Q) chloroplast mitochondria Cellular respiration Ubiquinone (Q) Have DNA Have cytochromes Name this molecule chlorophyll Give some examples of C4 plants Corn, sugar cane, many grasses Place where H+ ions build up during ETC in the light dependent reactions = ? Thylakoid space Name the color of light that is least effect in driving photosynthesis Green- plants reflect green wavelengths WHERE DOES IT GO? RIBOSOMES OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PROTON PUMPS PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION chloroplast mitochondria Oxidative phosphorylation RIBOSOMES Proton pumps photophosphorylation Label reactants and products for photosynthesis: WATER #1 = ___________________ OXYGEN #2 = ___________________ #3 = ___________________ Carbon dioxide #4 = ___________________ SUGAR #5 = ___________________ Light energy Wavelengths of light chlorophyll absorbs the best = ? Red, blue-violet Guard cells open stomata when they are __________ turgid turgid flaccid Name the metallic cofactor at the center of chlorophyll’s phorphyrin ring Magnesium Because rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 instead CO2 , when CO2 is low and oxygen is high plants switch into this pathway photorespiration Tell where the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space during the light reactions come from 1. Pumped from stroma by proton pumps in thylakoid membrane 2. Produced when water is split to replace electrons lost by chlorophyll WHERE DOES IT GO? FOUND IN ANIMALS GRANA HAVE ATP SYNTHASE FOUND IN PLANTS chloroplast mitochondria Found in animals grana Have ATP synthase Found in plants The process of incorporating CO2 into organic compounds = ? Carbon fixation The process of using light energy to generate ATP using chemiosmosis = ? photophosphorylation Ion channel/enzyme complex that uses the power of H+ ions moving down their gradient to add Pi onto ADP ATP synthase Identify: A= ___________ thylakoid stroma B = ___________ granum (pl., grana) C= ____________ D = ____________ Thylakoid space (lumen) cytoplasm E = ______________ This process of using the migration of solvents to separate molecules is called ___________ chromatography Tell some of the factors that influence the movement of molecules up the paper. Solubility in solvent, size of molecules, attraction to paper A __________ photosystem is made up of a reaction center surrounded by a number of light harvesting accessory pigments During cyclic electron flow, electrons move from PSI to ____________ ETC (cytochromes) Explain why plants switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow Allows them to make more ATP for Calvin Cycle which requires more ATP than NADPH What happens to the oxygen produced when water molecules split during the light dependent reactions? Lost to atmosphere as O2 On which side of the membrane is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP? stroma On which side of the membrane is water split? Thylakoid space Label molecules of the light dependent reactions. A B C D = = = = PHOTOSYSTEM II ___________________ ___________________ Electron Transport Chain PHOTOSYSTEM I ___________________ ___________________ ATP Synthase WHERE DOES IT GO? NADPH NADH FADH2 PRODUCTS = ? REACTANTS = ? CELLULAR RESPIRATION NADH FADH2 PRODUCTS = CO2,+ H2O + energy (ATP) REACTANTS = O2 + C6H12O2(glucose) PHOTOSYNTHESIS NADPH PRODUCTS = O2, + G3P (glucose) REACTANTS = CO2 + H2O http://www.rnzih.org.nz/images/gardenimages/carrots_d.jpg Yellow and orange accessory pigments that funnel light energy to chlorophyll a Carotenoids An organism that can make its own food like a green plant is called an _______________ Autotroph (producer) Which ion moves across the membrane to power the ATP synthase enzyme to add a phosphate to ADP? H+ (Hydrogen ion) Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle? Carbon dioxide Which gas is given off by plants during photosynthesis? oxygen WHERE DOES IT GO? THYLAKOIDS CHEMIOSMOSIS HAS OWN DNA mitochondria chloroplast thylakoids chemiosmosis has own DNA What role do the accessory pigments like xanthophyll and carotene play in photosynthesis? They act as antennas to collect light energy and pass it to chlorophyll a; Provide protection for chlorophyll by absorbing some of the sun’s energy gain electrons in Oxidizing agents _____ redox reactions. For what reason do cells switch and use cyclic rather than non cyclic electron flow during the light dependent reactions? Allows cell to make more ATP than NADPH because Calvin cycle uses more ATP than NADPH lose electrons in Reducing agents _____ redox reactions. Tell which molecule the H in NADPH originally comes from. NADPH Comes from H O 2 when water is split Another name for the Calvin cycle is Light independent _______________ (old name was dark reactions) The ultimate source of carbon found in glucose is from ? CO2 How many carbon dioxide molecules are needed to make 1 molecule of glucose? 6 Discrete particles of light are called __________ photons WHERE DOES IT GO? MOLECULE THAT DONATES ELECTRONS TO ETC =? WHERE H+ BUILDS UP = ? ROLE OF GLUCOSE= ? mitochondria NADH/FADH2 donates electrons to ETC H+ build up in intermembrane space Glucose is reactant (broken down) chloroplast chlorophyll a donates electrons to ETC H+ build up thylakoid space Glucose is product (produced) Explain why plant “look” green. We see reflected light. Chlorophyll reflects green wavelengths LOSE electrons when they Molecules _____ are oxidized. (lose gain) Remember: OIL RIG Oxidation Is Losing electrons Reduction Is Gaining electrons CAM plants make sugar via the Calvin during the day cycle_______. during the day at night Name the 3 phases of the Calvin cycle Carbon fixation Reduction Regeneration Which kind of plants use this pathway to fix CO2? CAM plants fix CO2 at night and run Calvin cycle during the day Name the enzyme used to add CO2 to PEP in this pathway PEP carboxylase Why does PSII come first in line in front of PSI in the thylakoid membrane? PSI was discovered and named first How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway ~ make it when need it High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway ~ don’t run glycolysis if not needed Tell which molecule each of the atoms that end up in glucose originally came from: C6H12O6 CO2 H2O _______ ________ CO2 _________ Type of cell where carbon fixation happens in CAM plants Mesophyll cells Molecule that receives electrons at the end of electron transport during the light dependent reactions NADP+ Name the product(s) of the light dependent reactions NADPH, ATP, and O2 Another name for the Calvin cycle is Light independent reactions ______________ (used to be called dark reactions) Tell the equation for photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy → 6 O2 + C6H12O6 Where is the Pi added to ADP to make ATP in the light dependent reactions? On stroma side of thylakoid membrane In which type of cell does the Calvin mesophyll cycle happen in C3 plants Why are C3 plants called C3? The first step in carbon fixation in these plants produces a 3 carbon sugar When NADPH levels are higher than ATP what happens to the path of electrons in the light reactions? Switch from noncyclic to cyclic electron flow to make more ATP for Calvin cycle RuBP carboxylase has the greatest O2 affinity for ______ CO2 O2 That’s why plants switch to photorespiration when CO2 is low Why are C4 plants called C4? The first step in carbon fixation in these plants produces a 4 carbon sugar WHERE DOES IT GO? Where is carbon fixed? When is carbon fixed? Enzyme that catalyzes first step in carbon fixation? CAM plants C4 plants Fix carbon in mesophyll cells Carbon fixation happens in day Carbon fixation happens at night PEP carboxylase adds CO2 to PEP WHERE DOES IT GO? Where does Calvin cycle happen? When does Calvin cycle happen? How is carbon fixation and Calvin cycle separated? CAM plants C4 plants Calvin cycle happens in bundle sheath cells Calvin cycle happens in mesophyll cells Calvin happens during day Carbon fixation/ Calvin cycle separated spatially Fixation in mesophyll Calvin in Bundle sheath cells Carbon fixation/ Calvin cycle separated spatially fixation at night Calvin during day Process of using H+ gradient to generate ATP chemiosmosis = ________________________ (Can refer to ATP made in mitochondria too) Process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by the energy gathered from sunlight. photophosphorylation = ________________________ Process that consumes oxygen, releases CO2, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide photorespiration = ___________________________________