Transcript The Tools of Geography Anywhere Is Possible http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRXTGywEFNs The Geographic Setting Green slides pages 11-13 brown book.

The Tools of
Geography
Anywhere Is Possible
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRXTGywEFNs
The Geographic Setting
Green slides pages 11-13 brown book.
Location
Map Projections – a particular way of showing Earth on a flat map. All map projects
have some kind of distortion.
Distortion
Going from Globe to Map Interactive:
http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ks3_geography/maps_atlases/imagese
tc/distortion_animations.swf
Map Project:
http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjPoly/Foldout/foldout.h
tml
Distortion – since Earth is a sphere, all flat
maps of Earth will have some distortion, for
a sphere can never be converted to a flat map
perfectly. Distortion is a false representation
of distance or area.
Location
Absolute Location – an exact location, can be a street address, email address, or
degrees in longitude and latitude.
Relative Location – a location expressed in relation to something else, usually
includes cardinal or intermediate directions. For example: United States is located
south of Canada or the hospital is 3 miles north of Cookout Restaurant.
Map Titles and Symbols
Orange slides pages 14 - 15 brown book.
Titles and Symbols
Explorer May Symbols:
http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ks3_geography/maps_atlases/i
magesetc/uk_1250000_symbols.pdf
Titles and Symbols
Titles and Symbols
Titles and Symbols
Titles and Symbols
Map Legend (Map Key)– a key to all the symbols used on a map.
Titles and Symbols
Direction Interaction:
http://www.geographyalltheway.com/ks3_geography/maps_atlases/scale_directio
n.htm
Is this map upside down?
See page 14
Map Grid
Map Titles and Symbols
Tan slides pages 16 - 17 brown book.
Longitude and Latitude
Longitude and Latitude
Latitude
I'm climbing the
Ladder of Latitudes,
latitudes, latitudes.
Longitude
It's a LONG LONG way from
pole to pole, pole to pole,
pole to pole.
I'm climbing the
ladder of latitudes,
all around the world.
It's a LONG LONG way from
pole to pole, so we call those
LONGITUDES.
Longitude and Latitude
Latitude measures distance in
degrees and by North and
South from the equator.
Longitude (meridians) measures
distance in degrees and by East and
West from the Prime Meridian .
Longitude and Latitude
Latitude “Parallels”
When looking at a map, latitude lines run horizontally.
Latitude lines are also known as parallels since they are
parallel and are an equal distant from each other. Each
degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 km) apart;
there is a variation due to the fact that the earth is not a
perfect sphere but an oblate ellipsoid (slightly egg-shaped).
For example, at 30° N and S, the approximate measure is 60
miles each degree.
Zero degrees is the equator, the imaginary line which
divides our planet into the northern and southern
hemispheres. 90° north is the North Pole and 90° south is
the South Pole.
Lines of
latitude
or
“parallels”
Longitude and Latitude
Latitude “Parallels”
The equator is an imaginary line on Earth’s surface. It is
numbered zero degrees latitude (0° latitude).
It is approximately equal distant from the North Pole and
South pole. It divides the earth into a Northern Hemisphere
and a Southern Hemisphere.
It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 kilometers) long.
Longitude and Latitude
Longitude
Lines of longitude are also called a meridian.
Meri – Latin, meaning “middle”
Diem – Latin, meaning “day”
Meridian once meant “noon” or middle of the day.
Therefore, “ante meridian” (A.M.) means time before noon
and
“post meridian” (P.M.), means time after noon.
All points on the same line of longitude experienced noon
(and every other hour) at the same time. It was said all these
places were on the same “meridian line,” which became
“meridian” for short.
Longitude
lines or
"meridians"
Absolute Location
Answers
a. Arizona (answer: 35 degrees north and 110 degrees west)
b. Wisconsin (answer: 45 degrees north and 90 degrees west)
c. North Carolina (answer: 35 degrees north and 80 degrees west)
d. 45 degrees north, and 70 degrees west (answer: Maine)
e. 40 degrees north and 90 degrees west (answer: Illinois)
f. 30 degrees north and 100 degrees west (answer: Texas)
Longitude and Latitude
Prime Meridian
0° Longitude
Longitude and Latitude
Prime Meridian
The Prime Meridian and the opposite International Date Line
(at 180° longitude), divides the Earth into the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres.
http://www.greenwich-guide.org.uk/meridian.htm
Longitude and Latitude
Longitude
Longitude
The vertical longitude lines are also known as meridians. They converge at the
poles and are widest at the equator (about 69 miles or 111 km apart). Zero
degrees longitude is located at Greenwich, England (0°). The degrees continue
180° east and 180° west where they meet and form the International Date Line in
the Pacific Ocean. Greenwich, the site of the British Royal Greenwich
Observatory, was established as the site of the Prime Meridian by an
international conference in 1884.
Longitude and Latitude
Prime Meridian
With Latitude, the angular distance is measured from
the equator. This is a natural place to begin. However,
with longitude there is no natural beginning point. One
of these lines must be designated as a prime meridian,
or as the 0 ° mark, but which one? For many years,
each country had its own prime meridian. France used
a meridian passing through Paris, while England used a
meridian passing through Greenwich, England. Either
one worked just as well, as long as you were only
communicating with people from the same country.
But what happens as technologies improved, and
travelers begin interacting with people from many
different lands? If each country is using a different
prime meridian to mark 0 ° longitude, than it would be
impossible to give someone from another country a
location, and have them be able to accurately find it.
Longitude and Latitude
International Date Line
Longitude and Latitude
ETSU
Latitude 36.3034397° North and
Longitude 82.3690291° East
http://itouchmap.com/latlong.html
Longitude and Latitude
http://www.kidsknowit.com/educationalsongs/play-educationalsong.php?song=Longitude%20and%20Latitude
Longitude and Latitude
Measure distance
North and South,
from the Equator.
Run east and west
Tropic of Capricorn
marks sun's most
southerly location
on about
December 21.
Each degree = 69
miles at center of
Earth.
Latitude
Arctic Circle and
Anarctic Circle
marks beginning of
polar region.
Tropic of Cancer
marks sun's most
northernly location
on about June 21.
Measure distance East
and West from Prime
Meridian
Run north and south
A degree of longitude is
widest at the equator at
69.172 miles and gradually
shrinks to zero at the poles.
At 40° north or south the
distance between a degree
of longitude is 53 miles.
Prime Meridian
0° Longitude, the agreed
upon “beginning” to mark
longitudes east and west.
Longitude
Lines of Longitude, in
addition to marking
distance, mark the hours
of the day. Every 15° =
one hour.
International Date Line
180° Longitude is where
the date changes.
Longitude and Latitude
Prime Meridian
Interactive Location
Game:
http://www.kidsgeo.com
/geographygames/latitudelongitude-mapgame.php
Map Scale
Blue-Green slides paged 18-19 brown book.
Scale
A model of an A380 at 1:200 scale.
An A380
Scale
A large scale map refers to one
which shows greater detail because
the representative fraction (e.g.
1/25,000) is a larger fraction than a
small scale map which would have
an RF of 1/250,000 to 1/7,500,000.
Large scale maps will have a RF of
1:50,000 or greater (i.e. 1:10,000).
Those between 1:50,000 to
1:250,000 are maps with an
intermediate scale. Maps of the
world which fit on two 8 1/2 by 11
inch pages are very small scale,
about 1 to 100 million.
Long Reef
Point
from a
1:25 000
map
Long Reef
Point taken
from a
1: 100 000
Hemispheres
Prefix “hemi-” means “half”
Continents
The largest landmasses on Earth are divided into continents.
Oceans
Geographer’s also divide Earth’s oceans into areas. Ocean water covers more
than 70% of Earth. This ocean is really one big body of water. But geographers
usually divide it into four oceans.
Oceans
Continents Oceans and Landforms
http://hes.ucfsd.org/curricu/mapglobe/landcont.html
Review
Interactive Presentation:
http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/DE/k9mod/Mapskill/mod3fl5.swf
Map Titles and Symbols
Purple slides paged 20-21 brown book.
Earth and the Sun
Earth and the Sun
TILT CAUSES SEASONS!!!!!
Earth and the Sun
Climate Zones
The three major climate zones on the Earth are the polar, temperate, and tropical
zones. Temperatures in these three climate zones are determined by angle of sun’s
rays and are marked by latitudes into zones.
Climate Zones
Climate Zones
Tropic Zone
Climate Zones
Tropic Zone
Climate Zones
Tropic Zone
The tropical zones, which extend from 30
degrees north and south latitude to the equator (0
degrees) have high temperatures and high
humidity. Precipitation in the tropical zones is
usually very heavy during part of the year. Tropical
zones are also known as low latitude climates.
Tropical climates have the warmest average
yearly temperatures. There is no winter in tropical
climates. In a tropical climate, the average
temperature during the coldest month of the year
does not fall below 18 degrees C.
Climate Zones
Temperate Zones
In each hemisphere, the temperate
zone is found between 60 and 30
degrees latitude. In the areas of the
temperate zones farther from the
equator, snow is common in the winter.
In the areas of the temperate zones
closer to the equator, rain normally
falls all year round. But the average
amount of precipitation is about the
same throughout the temperate zones.
Average temperatures in the temperate
zones vary greatly. They range from
about 5 C to more than 20 C. These
temperatures fall between those of the
polar and the tropical zones.
Climate Zones
Polar Zone
Polar Zones
In each hemisphere, the polar zone
extends from the pole (90) to about 60
degrees latitude. Polar climates have the
coldest average temperatures. Within the
polar zones, the average yearly
temperature remains below freezing
(below O degrees C). Polar climates have
no summer. Even during the warmest
months of the year, the average
temperature does not rise above 10
degrees C. There is little precipitation in
the polar zones.
Climate Zones
Climate Zones
Climate Zones
Daily Map: http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/forecast/worldforecasts/world-temperatures.html
Map Projections
Map Projections
Size or shape of landmasses may be distorted.
Distances between places may be distorted
Map Projections
Lambert Projection
This Lambert Projection is
also called an azimuthal
projection.
Shows size accurately only
from the center to where
the central parallel and
meridian cross around the
center of the projections.
Otherwise, it distorts
distance, size and shape.
Good for showing areas
around North or South Pole
and the shortest distance
between two points.
Map Projections
Mercator Projections
Shows directions
between places
accurately between
equator.
But distorts sizes of
continents, especially
near the North and
South poles. For
example, the island of
Greenland is really oneeighth the size of South
America.
Used for navigation.
Map Projections
Robinson Map Projection
This map is commonly used
in textbooks. It shows the
entire earth with nearly true
sizes and shapes of the
continents and oceans.
However, the shapes of the
landforms near the poles are
distorted.
Map Projections
Goode’s Homolosine Projections
Uses cuts to show
how the continents
compare in size. It
cuts pieces out of
the oceans. This
allows the
continents to
stretch without
distorting their
shape. But it
distorts the shape
and size of the
oceans.
Review
Write the definition and briefly explain the importance of each of the
following.
1. Geography
6. longitude
2. Hemisphere
7. globe
3. Equator
8. map
4. Prime meridian
9. cartographer
5. Latitude
10. map projection
Answer the questions in complete sentences:
11. Which of the above terms indicate imaginary parallel lines that circle the earth east
to west and measure north to south from Equator?
12. Which term marks the beginning of longitude?
13. Which term is also known as a meridian?
14. Would a cartographer work on a map or a globe?
Review
Answer:
15. Name the four hemispheres. What are the boundaries for each one of them?
16. How is the use of small-scale maps different from the use of large-scale maps?
17. Compare and contrast a Mercator Projection Map and a Robinson Map.
18. Why is the Goode’s Homolosine Projection Map have slices cut out of the
oceans?
19. Who might use a Lambert Projection Map and why?
20. What is relative location?
21. What continents are in the western hemisphere? Eastern hemisphere?
Review
Answer:
22. Why can’t flat map represent the exact size, shape or distance like a globe?
23. We use street address to represent absolute location. What do geographers
use?
24. Meridians or Longitudes run from _____ to ______.
25. What is the main advantages of the Goode’s Homolosine Projection Map?
Review
Answer:
26. What is the reason for the seasons?
27. What is a map scale?
28. What does the map’s title tell us?
29. What does latitude tell us?
30. What does the compass tell us?
31. What does the key tell us?
Review
Chapter 1
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wcg_survey/get_chapter_grou
p.htm?cin=1&ci=1&rg=animations&at=animated_geography&var=animat
ed_geography