U.S. National Cybersecurity

William J. Perry Martin Casado • Keith Coleman • Dan Wendlandt

MS&E 91SI Fall 2004 Stanford University

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Why are we talking about cybersecurity?

Case 1: Internet Under Siege

•

February 7 - 9, 2000

Yahoo!, Amazon, Buy.com, CNN.com, eBay, E*Trade, ZDNet websites hit with massive DOS • Attacks received the attention of president Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno.

•

“A 15-year-old kid could launch these attacks, it doesn’t take a great deal of sophistication to do”

– Ron Dick, Director NIPC, February 9 • U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) officials have estimated the attacks caused $1.7 billion in damage * The Yankee Group, 2000

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Case 2: Slammer Worm

• • • •

January 2003

Infects 90% of vulnerable computers within 10 minutes

Effect of the Worm

- Interference with elections - Cancelled airline flights - 911 emergency systems affected in Seattle - 13,000 Bank of America ATMs failed

No malicious payload!

Estimated ~$1 Billion in productivity loss U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Case 3: WorldCom

• • • •

July 2002

WorldCom declares bankruptcy

Problem

WorldCom carries 13% - 50% of global internet traffic. About 40% of Internet traffic uses WorldCom’s network at some point

October 2002

Outage affecting only 20% of WorldCom users snarls traffic around the globe

Congressional Hearings

Congress considers, but rejects, extension of FCC regulatory powers to prevent WorldCom shutdown

U.S. National Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities are not just technical September 30th, 2004

Case 4: September 11

•

Wireless Tower on Top of Trade Center Destroyed

• •

AT&T has record call volumes “Flash” usage severely limits availability

•

Rescue efforts hampered Physical Vulnerability!

Legitimate Usage!

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Case 5: It’s a Jungle Out There

• The Internet is highly, globally connected • Viruses/worms are legion on the Internet and continue to scan for vulnerable hosts • Hackers scan looking for easy targets to attack

With Live Demo!

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

What’s really going on here

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Increasing Dependence

We are increasingly dependent on the Internet:

Directly

– – – – –

Communication (Email, IM, VoIP) Commerce (business, banking, e-commerce, etc) Control systems (public utilities, etc) Information and entertainment Sensitive data stored on the Internet Indirectly

–

Biz, Edu, Gov have permanently replaced physical/manual processes with Internet-based processes

* Based on slides by David Alderson, CalTech

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Security Not A Priority

Other design priorities often trump security:

Cost Speed Convenience Open Architecture Backwards Compatibility U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Cybersecurity Roadblocks

•

No metrics to measure (in)security

•

Internet is inherently international

•

Private sector owns most of the infrastructure

•

“Cybersecurity Gap”: a cost/incentive disconnect?

– Businesses will pay to meet business imperatives – Who’s going to pay to meet national security imperatives?

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

An Achilles Heel?

This level of dependence makes the Internet a target for

asymmetric attack Cyberwarfare Cyberterrorism Cyberhooliganism*

and a weak spot for

accidents and failures

* Coined by Bruce Schneier, Counterpane

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

The Challenge

A solution to this problem will require both the right

technology

and the right

public policy

.

This is the cybersecurity challenge.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

What is “cybersecurity?”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Some Definitions

According to the U.S. Dept of Commerce:

n. cybersecurity :

See “

information security” n. information security : The protection of information against unauthorized disclosure, transfer, modification, or destruction, whether accidental or intentional.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Some Definitions

According to H.R. 4246 “Cyber Security Information Act ”: cybersecurity

: “The vulnerability of any computing system, software program, or critical infrastructure to, or their ability to resist, intentional interference, compromise, or incapacitation through the misuse of, or by unauthorized means of, the Internet, public or private telecommunications systems or other similar conduct that violates Federal, State, or international law, that harms interstate commerce of the United States, or that threatens public health or safety.

”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Some Definitions

According to S. 1901 “Cybersecurity Research and Education Act of 2002”: cybersecurity

: “ information assurance, including scientific, technical, management, or any other relevant disciplines required to ensure computer and network security, including, but not limited to, a discipline related to the following functions: (A) Secure System and network administration and operations.

(B) Systems security engineering.

(C) Information assurance systems and product acquisition.

(D) Cryptography.

(E) Threat and vulnerability assessment, including risk management.

(F) Web security.

(G) Operations of computer emergency response teams.

(H) Cybersecurity training, education, and management.

(I) Computer forensics.

(J) Defensive information operations.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Some Definitions

According to S. 1900 “Cyberterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002 ”: cybersecurity

: “information assurance, including information security, information technology disaster recovery, and information privacy.”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of cyberspace

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of cyberspace information systems and networks

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks + with the goal of protecting operations and assets

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks with the goal of protecting operations and assets

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks with the goal of protecting operations and assets security in the face of attacks, accidents and failures

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks in the face of attacks, accidents and failures with the goal of protecting operations and assets

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= security of information systems and networks in the face of attacks, accidents and failures with the goal of protecting operations and assets availability, integrity and secrecy

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

One way to think about it

cybersecurity

= availability, integrity and secrecy of information systems and networks in the face of attacks, accidents and failures with the goal of protecting operations and assets (Still a work in progress.)

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

In Context

corporate cybersecurity

= availability, integrity and secrecy of information systems and networks in the face of attacks, accidents and failures with the goal of protecting a corporation’s operations and assets

national cybersecurity

= availability, integrity and secrecy of the information systems and networks in the face of attacks, accidents and failures with the goal of protecting a nation’s operations and assets

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Cybersecurity as a Discipline

How to achieve cybersecurity “success”?

How to overcome the cybersecurity problem?

Must understand four factors that play into the cybersecurity equation:

– Technology – Economics (of stakeholders and incentives) – Social Influences (e.g. Big Brother fears) – Public Policy

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

What This Class is All About

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Goal of the Class

-

Build a foundation of knowledge

-

Explore salient advanced topics

-

Prepare students to critically analyze interdisciplinary questions relating to the cybersecurity challenge U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Cybersecurity Questions

• How vulnerable is the United States to a cyberattack? Are we heading for an “electronic pearl harbor”?

• What areas of vulnerability require the greatest attention in order to improve our national cybersecurity? • With what parties must the government work in order to make significant cybersecurity improvements?

• Are market forces sufficient to provide for US national cybersecurity? Should the government get involved to change these forces, and if so, how?

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Cybersecurity Questions

• Is the Internet an appropriate platform upon which to operate infrastructure systems critical to US economic or government operation?

• What characteristics would we want in an “Ideal Internet”? • Can the current Internet evolve into a network with significantly improved security guarantees or will another system need to created?

• Does greater Internet security necessarily entail decreased online privacy?

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

How We Will Get There

 Use intro lectures provide a technical and policy foundation.  Develop a framework within which to think about and discussion cybersecurity.  Learn from expert guest lecturers and weekly readings that provide in-depth perspectives on advanced topics.

 Challenge classmates, student leaders, and expert guests during in-class discussions and activities.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Our Evaluation

The Cybersecurity Legislative Debate 1) Write a well-reasoned analysis a piece of cybersecurity legislation and provide a voting recommendation.

2) In groups, create an in-class presentation backing a single position on one of the bills. You will debate an opposing group and your will defend your stance against questioning from the rival group and the class at large.

3) Both the class and a panel of celebrity judges will vote on the winner of each debate.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Schedule & Syllabus

Sept. 30 Oct. 5 (Tues.) Oct. 7 Oct. 12 (Tues.) Oct. 14 Oct. 21 Oct. 28 Nov. 4 Nov. 11 Nov. 18 Nov. 22 Dec. 2 U.S. National Cybersecurity Introduction: The Cybersecurity Challenge Tech Breakout I: Internet Basics How To Think About Cybersecurity Tech Breakout II: Viruses, Worms, Firewalls and Crypto

Guest Speaker: Tal Garfinkel, Computer Science

An Industry Perspective

Guest Speaker: TBA

Cybersecurity Policy Cybersecurity and Law

Guest Speaker: Jennifer Granick, Stanford Law School

Security Metrics and Risk Management

Guest Speaker: Kevin Soo Hoo, Sygate

Assessing the Threat

Guest Speaker: Peter Neumann, SRI

What Do We Want in a Future Information Infrastructure?

Guest Speaker: David Alderson, CalTech

Liability, Negligence and Cyber-Insurance

Guest Speaker: Erin Kenneally, San Diego Supercomputing Center

Legislative Debate September 30th, 2004

What You Will Come Away With

• Working knowledge of how the Internet infrastructure operates and who the major cybersecurity policy actors are.

• Frameworks within which to understand and analyze cybersecurity issues. • Knowledge about current salient and interdisciplinary topics in cybersecurity.

• Connections and resources to help you in continue to explore cybersecurity.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

What This Class is Not

• This class is

not

… – “How the Internet works” • Take

CS244A Networks

, or

CS193i Internet Systems

– “How to hack” • Take

CS155 Computer Security

– “Cryptography and privacy” • Take

CS255 Intro to Cryptography

– “File sharing and music piracy”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

What This Class Is

• This class

is

… – A look at the bigger picture – A chance to consider all the factors that play into cybersecurity • Technology • Public Policy • Economics • Social Issues

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

U.S. National Cybersecurity

Course Logistics

September 30th, 2004

Basics

• Course website will have latest readings & updates: http://msande91si.stanford.edu

• 2 units, S/NC • No prerequisites • Location: TBD

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Course Format

Class Format: • Pre-class readings and discussion questions posted to class forum.

• Lecture and Q&A with expert guest speaker • Discussion or other in-class activity for more in depth exploration of the week’s topic.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Course Reading Materials

Two Main Texts: Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law and Cybersecurity: Today and Tomorrow (both are available free online or can be ordered in paperback) Other readings posted on course website

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Grading & Expectations Our expectations are simple:

• Do all readings and pre-class discussion questions.

• Significant in-class participation • Completion of final legislative debate project.

This should be fun!

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Enrollment

• Limited to 20 students • Student Info Questionnaire • Looking to audit? Talk to us after class.

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Further Cybersecurity Opportunities Discussion Forum: Meets weekly during quarters when this class is not offered. Library & Resources: http://cybersecurity.stanford.edu

Security in the News: http://news.ists.dartmouth.edu/ U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Contact

• Website & Email – Website: http://msande91si.stanford.edu

– Instructors: [email protected]

• Office Hours – By request (send email) – Individual questions after class

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

U.S. National Cybersecurity

Thank You

September 30th, 2004

U.S. National Cybersecurity

Unused Slides

September 30th, 2004

What is “infrastructure?”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

The Internet is Hard to Secure

•

Extreme complexity, minimal understanding

•

High global connectivity

•

Weak attribution (who’s doing what?)

•

Hard to tell malicious uses from legitimate ones U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004

Some Definitions

According to S.I. 1901 “Cybersecurity Research and Education Act of 2002”:

“The term

cybersecurity infrastructure

includes- (A) equipment that is integral to research and education capabilities in cybersecurity, including, but not limited to- (i) encryption devices; (ii) network switches; (iii) routers; (iv) firewalls; (v) wireless networking gear; (vi) protocol analyzers; (vii) file servers; (viii) workstations; (ix) biometric tools; and (x) computers; and (B) technology support staff (including graduate students) that is integral to research and education capabilities in cybersecurity.”

U.S. National Cybersecurity September 30th, 2004