Transcript Forensic use of organic compounds University of Lincoln presentation This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England &

Forensic use of organic compounds
University of Lincoln
presentation
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
Hydrocarbons
Drugs
Fire accelerants
Petrol:
It is petroleum-derived, and
consists mostly of aliphatic
hydrocarbons enhanced with
iso-octane or the aromatic
hydrocarbons toluene and
benzene to increase its octane
rating.
Diesel:
Diesel is produced from oil and
is a hydrocarbon mixture,
obtained in the fractional
distillation of crude oil between
200 °C and 350 °C at
atmospheric pressure
Butane Gas:
consumed
from lighters
CH3
H3C
C4H10
Carbon tetrachloride:
Used for solvent abuse
CCl4
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
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Aromatic compounds
Fire accelerants
Drugs
O
Benzodiazepines:
Psychoactive drugs with
varying hypnotic, sedative,
anxiolytic, anticonvulsant,
muscle relaxant and
amnesic properties
CH3
HN
N
Benzene
Toluene
Explosives
-
O
CH3
+
Dyes
O
O
+
N
N
O
OH
OH
-
O
+
-
O
O
N
O
Tri-Nitro Toluene (TNT)
Alizarin
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Alcohols
Fire accelerants
Drugs
OH
H3C
OH
HO
O
Ethyl Alcohol – Ethanol:
(C2H5OH), flash point 13 oC;
ignition temp. 365 oC; explosive
limits 3.5%-19.0%
Explosives
OH
OH
Glycerol or glycerine:
Used as starting material
for nitro-glycerine
4-hydroxybutanoic acid (GHB):
Date rape drug. GHB has been used in
cases of drug-related sexual assault
Dyes
OH
O
CH3
N
N
OH
BTTN :Military propellant for missiles: the mixture
can be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and
glycerol
Sudan Red G: It is considered carcinogenic and
genotoxic
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Aldehydes
Drugs
O
Dyes
O
O
O
Piperonal: Precursor of
MDMA (Ecstasy: 3,4methylenedioxy-Nmethylamphetamine)
N
NH2
+
O
O
-
4-amino-3-nitrobenzaldehyde: Hair dye
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Ketones
Fire accelerants
O
H 3C
CH3
Acetone:(Dimethyl
ketone)
flash point -20 degrees
C; ignition temperature
465.4 degrees C;
explosive limits 2.6%13.0%
Explosives
Drugs
H3C
O
Methcathinone:
2-(methylamino)propiophenone.
Psychoactive
stimulant. Addictive.
Can be smoked,
injected, or taken
orally .
Dyes
O
ACETONE: precursor of TATP.
TATP: The synthesis of the explosive is
made through oxidation of acetone using
hydrogen peroxide
CH3
NH
9,10-dioxoanthracene
O
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Ethers
Fire accelerants
Drugs
Codeine: Opiate alkaloid
H3C
O
HO
CH3
N
CH3
O
Ethyl Ether - diethyl
ether: flash point -45
degrees C; ignition
temperature 180 degrees
C; explosive limits 1.9% 36%
HO
Dyes
H
H
+
N
Cl
-
Rhodamine 123
O
NH2
O
O
CH3
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Carboxylic acids
Drugs
CH3
N
O
Benzoylecgonine (ecgonine
benzoate) is the primary
metabolite of cocaine. It is formed
in the liver by the metabolism of
cocaine
O
HO
O
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Esters
Fire accelerants
Biodiesel refers to a nonpetroleum-based diesel fuel
consisting of short chain alkyl
(methyl or ethyl) esters
Drugs
O
O
CH3
H2N
Explosives
CH3
O
H3C
O
O
O
Dibutylphatalate:
Plasticizer used in explosives. Plasticizers
are additives that increase the plasticity or
fluidity.
Benzocaine (local anaesthetic) :
Benzocaine is often favoured by drug
dealers to bulk out their cocaine supplies.
while many dealers use the cheaper
paracetamol or corn flour, Benzocaine gives
a numbing effect (like purer cocaine
should have).
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Amides
Dyes
Yellow 13: pigment
O
CH3
CH3
NH
N
O
H3C
N
Cl
Cl
N
N
O
Drugs
CH3
NH
N
O
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
NH
CH3
CH3
Fraud between drug dealers
Lidocaine is often added to
cocaine as
a diluent because it numbs the
gums when applied,
giving the impression of higher
cocaine purity
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Amines
Drugs
Explosives
O
O
O
-
-
O
N
O
-
O
N
+
N
+
+
OH
+
O
N
O
NH
-
CH3
NH
CH3
+
O
-
+
N
O
O
-
N
O
Ephedrine: found in cold remedies, but used to
Enhance performance. Overdose can lead to death.
Similar chemical structure than methamphetamine
Hexanitrodiphenylamine: 40% part of an
explosive called hexanite; rest 60% TNT.
Obsolete explosive from WWII
Dyes
O
N
H
H
N
O
Indigo: found in foodstuff and textiles
(jeans)
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Nitro-compounds
Explosives
O
-
+
-
-
O
CH3
N
+
O
N
N
N
O
OH
+
+
+
N
CH3
O
O
-
O
N
N
O
-
O
O
O
N
+
H3C
N
H3C
O
O
+
+
-
N
O
O
-
N
O
-
2,3-dimethyl-2,3dinitrobutane: used as a
detection taggant for
explosives. Added in C-4
Picric acid:
2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP):
Like other highly nitrated
compounds such as TNT, picric
acid is an explosive
RDX or cyclonite:
main explosive In C-4.
Military explosive
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Functional groups
Link to “Functional
Groups” video
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Acknowledgements
•
•
•
•
•
•
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JISC
HEA
Centre for Educational Research and Development
School of Natural and Applied Sciences
School of Journalism
SirenFM
http://tango.freedesktop.org
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