Invasive Alien Species Coming to America... Randy G. Westbrooks Biodiversity on the Plant Earth.... 1.5 Million - 30 Million Species.
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Invasive Alien Species Coming to America... Randy G. Westbrooks Biodiversity on the Plant Earth.... 1.5 Million - 30 Million Species. Nonnative Plants? PANGAEA Breakup Pines Evolve Broadleaf Plants Evolve 16,000 Yr BP Asians arrive 500 Yr BP Europeans & Africans (1492 ) arrive with their plants 60 Yr BP Intercontinental Commerce Accelerates Invasive Species, why bother? $138 Billion per Year Agriculture…... Biodiversity…… #2 Threat to Biodiversity The ‘Homogeocene’ Homogenizing the World’s Flora and Fauna......... Our Legacy? Biological Pollution...... Invasive Alien Species that threaten the sustainability of agricultural production and the biodiversity of native ecosystems...... * Invasive Plants... * Insects and Diseases... * Aquatic Nuisance Species... * Injurious Wildlife... Root of the Problem…. Intentional Introductions Call Home Syndrome…. Preferences for Imported Taxa Early Colonization – Species from Home Developed – Exotics from Afar Europe, Africa Recent: Australia, South America Future: China Rule of Tens – Williamson, NZ 100 Plant Species Introduced ~10 - Free Living Exotic Plants ~1 - Invasive – (75% of Problem) Xanthorrhoea in Western Australia The Great American Exchange Panama Land Bridge, 3 Million Yr. BP North American Mammals South American Marsupials Four Major Types of Invasive Species.... Aquatic Nuisance Species Forests Invasive Plants Injurious Wildlife Natural Areas (4,200+ Free Living Exotics) Crop Weeds Rangelands Insects and Diseases Aquatic Nuisance Species Zebra Mussel Insects and Diseases Chestnut Blight, 1903 Gypsy Moth, 1869 Asian Longhorned Beetle, 1980s Red Imported Fire Ant, 1930s Foot and Mouth Disease Invasive Reptiles Brown Tree Snake (Bioga irregularis) Invasive Animals North American Gray Squirrel European Red Squirrel Nutria from S. America Feral Pig Rabbits in Australia Invasive Plants! Weeds Won’t Wait!! 40 40 35 30 25 20 20 15 10 10 5 5 0 19 50s 19 70s 19 90s 20 10? Weed Control Costs and Losses in the United States... Purple Loosestrife Invasive Plants of the Northeast Mile-a-Minute Garlic Mustard Mud Mat Invasive Plants of the Southeast Kudzu Witchweed Hydrilla Giant Salvinia Invasive Plants of Florida & the Gulf Coast Melaleuca Chinese Tallow Tropical Soda Apple Old World Climbing Fern Weeds in the West. Musk Thistle Leafy Spurge Salt Cedar Cheat Grass Pacific Islands Invaders Miconia in Guam Hawaii: - 8,000 Total Plant Species - 2,690 Native Species - 946 Non-Native Invasive Plants Species - 86 Species Causing Serious Harm....... Chemicals Degrade over Time...... Biological Invaders Multiply and Spreads........ Chemical Pollution vs. Biological Pollution........... Manual Weed Control...... Still the #1 Work Task of 80% of the World’s Population. Dr. Leroy Holm University of Wisconsin Beneficial Exotics..... Most Exotic Species are not invasive!! Value of American Agriculture: $195 Billion per Year...... Old World Climbing Fern and Melaleuca. Native Bush in Queensland, Australia. Invasive Species Coming to America…... HMS Weeds By Land, Sea, and Air…... Detection Containment Eradication Prevention Exclusion Preclearance Control Other Countries USA Traditional Strategies for Invasive Species USDA APHIS. First Line of Defense….. Seaports........ Land Border Crossings..... Airports........ Beagle Brigade Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma).... A Serious Rangeland and Pasture Weed in Australia . Federal/State Cooperative Weed Eradication Projects. 1958-2002. Witchweed (Striga asiatica). NC, SC. 1958-2002. Common Crupina (Crupina vulgaris), ID, WA, OR. 1981-1991. Goatsrue (Galega officinalis), UT. 1981-1996. Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), CA. 1980-1995. Catclaw Mimosa (Mimosa pigra). FL. 1985-1992. Wild Sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum). FL. 1991. Wetland Nightshade (Solanum tampicense). FL. 1995. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum). FL, GA, SC, NC, TN, AL, MS, PA. 19952001. Japanese Dodder (Cuscuta japonica). SC. 1991-1997. Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor). VA, NC, SC, GA, OR. 1991-2001. Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). PA. 1995-2001. Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta). SC, 1995. 1956 Witchweed (Striga asiatica) A Parasitic Weed of Grass Crops from Africa in the Eastern Carolinas. Goatsrue (Galega officinalis) Infested States Japanese Dodder (Cuscuta japonica) in the South Carolina Botanical Garden, Clemson, South Carolina. Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor Smith Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Infested States Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) in a Pond near Walterboro, South Carolina. August 1995. Lycianthes asarifolia.... A New Urban Weed in Texas and Louisiana... West Nile Virus Foot & Mouth Disease Giant Salvinia Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds (FICMNEW). 1994. FICMNEW Established (MOU Between 17 Federal Agencies). 1995-96. Three National Weed Summits. 1997. National Weed Strategy Published. 1998. National Weed Fact Book Published. Pulling Together Initiative. First Bi-Annual Planning Retreat. 2001-2003. Invasive Plant Documentaries. “Plants out of Place. I & II”. National Invasive Species Campaign National Committees ANS Task Force; FICMNEW Presidential Executive Order 13112 National Invasive Species Council National Invasive Species Management Plan New Strategies for Addressing Invasive Species State and Local Partnerships National EDRR System for Invasive Plants New Biological Protection Ethic State Invasive Species Partnerships A Call to Action….. P State Weed Teams, EPPCs P ANS Panels P Insect/Disease Teams P Injurious Wildlife Teams State Invasive Species Partnerships Major Goals and Objectives Invasive Species Executive Order Management Plan State Coordinator Interagency MOU Outreach and Awareness Early Detection, ID Rapid Assessment Rapid Response Research Local Partnerships North Carolina Giant Salvinia Task Force Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) Small Floating Fern Can double biomass in 2-10 days Completely dominates waterways. Extremely small fragments are viable Spores are non-viable Listed as a Federal Noxious Weed…. therefore illegal to sell or possess! Giant Salvinia River Bend Community, Pender County, NC September, 2002 National Early Detection and Rapid Response System for Invasive Plants (Second Line of Defense) Early Detection Network Rapid Assessment of New Species Rapid Response to New Invaders Public Education National Early Detection & Rapid Response System for Invasive Plants Data Archival Verification (Natl. Early Warning Committee) (Natl. Early Warning Committee) Suspected New Natl. Record (Online Databases) Regional Tech. Support ID, Vouchering (State Botanists) New State Record Early Detection (Network Public) Rapid Assessment New Species Becomes Established Rapid Assessment (State Weed Team) Rapid Response (Land Owner or Weed Mgt. Area) New Kid on the Block….. Rotala rotundifolia (Roundleaf Toothcup) In Alabama! EDRR – A Line in the Sand First Line of Defense Prevention, Preclearance Pre-Screening of Imported Species Exclusion at Ports of Entry Second Line of Defense Early Detection and Rapid Response Focus on Free Living Exotics only Minimum Impact on Environment Restoration to Pre-invasion State Third Line of Defense Long Term Management Chemical Control Biological Control New Biological Protection Ethic Environmental Protection Ethic - 20th Century Chemical Pollution and Hazardous Waste Silent Spring; EPA Anti-Littering Campaigns Wildfires Woodsy Owl - Give a Hoot, Don’t Pollute Smokey the Bear Recycling (1980s) Biological Protection Ethic - 21st Century Biological Pollution New Paradigm on Exotic Species Chemical Pollution Pathogens & Infectious Diseases FDA Human Health & Welfare Ag Production Biological Pollution Crops Pests New Approaches for Addressing Ecosystem Health.... Halt the Homogeocene!