WATER WARS Majority Minority 12% of population uses 85% of water Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. By majority By minority.
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WATER WARS Majority Minority 12% of population uses 85% of water Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. By majority By minority Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Price Mechanisms • Charging a higher proportion of real costs to users of public water projects has helped encourage conservation. Yet discriminates against poor. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Global water Industry Over $140 Billion a year The World Water and Wastewater Utilities Market is estimated at $142 billion US in 2000… (2000, $US) Rest of the World 63% Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. USA 37% Water multinationals (French & British) Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Public/private water in EU countries (French & British mainly private) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 98 96 95 90 90 82 80 70 63 60 50 Public 40 Private 30 25 20 12 10 0 Be lgi um De nm ark Ge rm an y Sp ain Fr an ce Gr ee ce Irel an d Ital y Lu xe mb ou rg Ne the rla nd s Au str ia Po rtu gal Fin lan d Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Sw ed en UK Public and private prices in France (Private more expensive) average annual price (FF) for yearly consumption of 120m3, water & sanitation Source: DGCCRF 2,500 1,993 2,000 2,050 1,908 1,803 1,784 2,100 1,848 2,100 1,841 1,716 1,621 1,500 1,489 1,000 500 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Municipal/R gies Delegated/Private “Water War” in Bolivia Cochabamba residents protesting Bechtel privatization of municipal water system, 1999 Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Alternative: Debrecen, Hungary • Preferred public to private • Cheaper • Financial comparison Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Safety of municipal water supplies Australia, 1998 (privatized system) Wisconsin, 1993 Ontario, 2000 (gov’t had dropped e-coli testing) Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Bottled water costs more than oil Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Bottled water quality in question Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Bottled water growth 8 7 6 5 4 Billions of gallons 3 2 1 0 1970 1980 2000 Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Water Privatization Woodstock Riot 1999 Fewer bubblers in public buildings? Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Perrier/Nestle in the U.S. Texas Florida Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Perrier/Nestle in the Midwest Wisconsin Mecan Springs (Waushara Co.) 1999-2000; Big Spring (Adams Co.), 2000-2002 Michigan Protection of rural supplies from highcapacity wells Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. ‘New Geography of Conflict’ “Possible flashpoint for resource conflict” Water systems & aquifers • Jordan • Nile • Tigris – Euphrates • Amu Darya • Indus • Mountain Aquifer (West Bank/Israel)” Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Middle East Water Conflicts Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. IsraeliPalestinian Water Conflict Israel uses 82% Of West Bank groundwater; charges Arabs 3x Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Israel’s boundary with Egypt and Gaza (Palestine) Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Dead Sea Shrinkage Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Tigris and Euphrates rivers Turkey Iraq Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. International cooperation on water use Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed. Websites Water resources http://www.worldwater.org/ http://www.groundwater.com/ Privatization of water www.canadians.org/blueplanet http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/ Bottled water www.saveamericaswater.com www.savemiwater.org www.waterissweet.org www.saveourspringsinc.org Water Wars (books) www.southendpress.org/books/waterwars.shtml www.mapcruzin.com/rev_resource_wars.htm Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.