Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: An essential aspect of natural resources management in agricultural ecosystems Sally Bunning Land Management Officer Land and Water Development Division FAO of the.

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Transcript Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: An essential aspect of natural resources management in agricultural ecosystems Sally Bunning Land Management Officer Land and Water Development Division FAO of the.

Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity: An essential aspect of natural resources management in agricultural ecosystems

Sally Bunning Land Management Officer Land and Water Development Division FAO of the UN

What is agricultural biodiversity?

It includes all components of biological diversity of

relevance to food and agriculture:

the variety and variability of

plants, animals and micro-organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem level

which are necessary to sustain

key functions

in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes .

Local knowledge and cultural diversity

can be considered an essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.

Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems

In agricultural systems biodiversity is important 1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...( goods ) 2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life ( life support function ) 3. to allow adaptation to changing situations 4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable agriculture – food security, income, employment,...) Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention over generations and it requires human management to sustain it.

Agricultural Biodiversity is complex

Human Management practices and decisions

GENETIC and SPECIES DIVERSITY wild and domesticated CULTURAL DIVERSITY Crop based systems:

food/fibre crops, pasture, trees (planned + harvested spp.)

Mixed systems and associated biodiversity:

soil organisms, pollinators, predators

Livestock based systems:

p asture, rangelands, cattle, small ruminants, poultry...

ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY varied production systems



habitats and landscapes Case studies and experiences to be shared among countries and farming systems

Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity

• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges, borders, trees in the landscape; farm type) • Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial) • Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting, aspect, taste, storage, etc.

• • Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)

as well as

Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations; common property resources/ownership) • and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on

ecosystem functions/processes and the services provided

(see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)

Farmers managing …

Farmers managing genes Farmers managing species Farmers managing ecosystems

Managing Agro-ecosystem biodiversity

COMPONENTS Pollinators Predators and Parasites Herbivores Non-crop Vegetation Earthworms Soil Mesofauna Soil Microfauna

AGROECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY

FUNCTIONS Pollination Genetic introgression Population regulation Biological control ENHANCEMENTS Biomass consumption Nutrient cycling Competition Allelopathy Sources of natural enemies Crop wild relatives Soil structure Nutrient cycling Decomposition Predation Nutrient cycling Nutrient cycling Disease suppression

Intercropping Rotations Agroforestry No-Tillage Cover crops Green manures Windbreaks Composting OM inputs

From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES : FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) Food production

The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or for processing for food ( G

ame, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering, subsistence or commercial farming) Raw materials

The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material

(Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..) Genetic resources

Sources of unique biological materials and products.

(Plant varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science, genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets, Climate and Gas Regulation :

of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (

GHG

); of atmospheric chemical composition (

CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, C

O3 for UVB protection)

Resilience/Disturbance Regulation :

ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation, mainly controlled by vegetation structure (

storm protection, flood control, drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).

Water Regulation and Supply :

of hydr

ological flow/regimes; water retention, storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention determined by vegetation cover/structure;

water supply in aquifers, surface water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)

Erosion control and Sediment retention:

prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact, runoff; storage of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2 Soil formation

Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up

(Accumulation of organic material Nutrient cycling:

storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (

N fixation, nutrient cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus) Waste Detoxification

recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control

(detoxification by soil organisms)

Pollination

Movement of floral gametes.

(Supply of pollinators for the reproduction of plant populations- insects, bats, birds) Biological control

Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations

(pest predator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions) Refugia

habitat for local/ transient populations (

Nurseries, habitat for migratory species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds Recreation

Providing opportunities

(eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities – hunting, fishing, birdwatching) Cultural

Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses

(Aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems)

Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to agricultural biodiversity

• • • • • •

Increasing pressure on species and their environments

: Population growth and poverty (increasing demand) Overexploitation, mismanagement Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture Pollution – market forces Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisation • • • •

Threats and risks

loss of plant and animal species loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits) – – also loss of essential natural processes pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.

regeneration of soils by micro-organisms also reduced resilience.

Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt

(to harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases)

by maintaining a wide array of life forms with unique traits

(e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).

Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use of agrobiodiversity

• • • • •

Integrated agro-ecological approaches

management : IPM, soil biological

Community-based adaptive management

genetic resources, diverse farming systems – animal and plant

Local knowledge systems

– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of agrobiodiversity – community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)

Ecosystem approach :

address all components, systems functioning and services and human management

(cf. EA principles) Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under utilized and under-valued biodiversity

– ground biomass)

marketing

(opportunities; options) – grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below – mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.) (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.

–

recognition of positive externalities

(valuing ecological services provided by biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)

Need to use common Agricultural Definitions

Sustainable agriculture

is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable, economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic scientific approach and productive over the long term.

Farm System

: the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and interactions at this individual farm level

Farming System

similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints : a population of individual farm systems that have broadly

Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials, etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)

• • • • • •

Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability: soil

(sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site impacts, ... );

water

(water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc);

vegetation

(protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)

biodiversity

(resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intra- species, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,

air quality

(minimise greenhouse gas emissions)

rural amenities

(e.g. landscape, tourism).

Major Farming Systems: Sub-Saharan Africa

Common classes, characterisation and terminology

Need to build on ongoing global agro biodiversity fora/intergovernmental processes

• CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming) – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil Biodiversity – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators • International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO IT-PGRFA • International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO • FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA • FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG These have resulted in: • Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....

• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem approach, farmer rights, • Panel of Experts … etc.

GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture (IT)

• This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for national, regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity. • IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31 st session of the FAO Conference (Resolution 3/2001) • It entered into force on 29 June 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm

Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA

Priority Activity Areas In Situ Conservation and Development Activity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA 2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA 3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems 4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production (Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Activity Activity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection 10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening 11 Promoting sustainable agriculture 12Promiting under-utilized crops and species 13 Supporting seed production and distribution 14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich products

also Ex situ conservation.....

Capacity building and Institutions.....

Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

• FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the sustainable use, development and conservation of

domestic animal diversity

• supported by the

Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources

• An essential element is the first

State of the world's animal genetic resources -

a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999). • First stage of reporting completed

>170 Country Reports

, reports by International organizations on relevant activities see

DAD-IS

• CGRFA-10 decided that the

1st Report, including the Report on Strategic Priorities for Action

should be finalized at the

First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources

2007, hosted by the Government of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken in • Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by

electronic Regional Consultations .

Domestic Animal Genetic Resources at Risk

 Exotic genetic resources not sustainable  Indiscriminate crossbreeding  Genetic resources for future needs

Desirable commitments by governments

 Include stakeholders in decision-making  Identification of sources of funding  Support breeder associations  Strengthen extension services

FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture. • It develops and monitors – the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and – the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.

• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant genetic resources  animal  …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystem approach • Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10) November 2004) and resulting in the publication on : Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10

Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach

(See website)

Options for technical support to countries in enhancing sustainable use of AGBIO

• • • •

Enhance biodiversity through

– – – –

Sustainable agriculture Sustainable pastoralism Sustainable intensification

(enhance productivity and function)

livelihoods’ diversification Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple roles of agriculture (

See

www.fao.org/es/esa/roa ) and externalities Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies

• • • • • • •

Case studies of Sustainable agriculture enhancing agricultural biodiversity

Increased use of mixtures

(intercropping, multistorey, agro forestry, crop-livestock systems)

Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material

and animal) (plant –

Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization

–

Promote decentralized and participatory breeding Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and marketing methods; Stimulate demand for diverse local products

labelling, registration) (niche markets,

Review and promote policies for development and use

biodiversity conseravtion and coping with climate change e.g.

Soil biodiversity and its management

Managing termites and organic mulch for soil productivity by researchers in Burkina Faso: Surface mulch applied to crusted soils was used to stimulate termite feeding and burrowing. This lead to improved soil structures, better aggregate formation, and enhanced soil function.

Mixing and burrowing of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch and their feeding can promote soil regenerative activities

From Micro organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi

Soil Biodiversity

Micro & meso-fauna protozoa, nematodes to acari & springtails ...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below ground Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms

Management practice:

 In Himachal Pradesh in Northwest Indian Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple crop.  An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for pollination exists

Managing Pollinators

Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity

Crop Increase in fruit set (%) Increase in fruit weight (%) Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%) Reference Apple Peach Plum 10 22 13 33 44 39 15/10 29/23 11/14 Dulta and Verma, 1987 Partap et al, 2000 Partap et al, 2000 Partap, 2000a Citrus 24 35 9/35 Strawberry 112 48 Misshapen fruit decreased by 50% Partap 2000b Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.

Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm and Information

• Information, and seed exchange between farmers slow • Access to research generated germplasm poor • Participatory breeding with farmers’ organizations • Joint activities for improved information sharing • Test new options for seed dissemination

Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable pastoralism

•

Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals)

•

Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems

•

Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing wildlife from predators

• •

Settled herders creates long-lasting nutrient hotspots (kraals; fields) Intensification and fragmentation of rangelands seems to cause a LOSS in livestock production (may need to rethink ranching, sedentarisation) Challenges - control of livestock numbers : use of common property resources; prestige, savings, security, culture Improvement of pasture and rangelands

Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversity- making best use of resources

Thatching, Busia District Grass-strips between crops Machakos District Kenya Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and Use

Practices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main forms: •

on-farm

strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of grass and bush, fallow land, fenced • graminae rich plots…

off-farm

- management of community grazing lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites… • - controlled burning

traditional uses and skills

Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification

Sustainable management practices:

energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for

diverse habitats and landscapes

that support biodiversity

Human management of ecosystems

may

increase

– semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species, harvesting, gathering and planting – diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems species diversity – multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)

Planned settlements/roads:

reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)

Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action

to safeguard those groups and species that

are more sensitive

to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds

Land use planning

by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.

Regulations :

stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.

Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience

• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system • Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function • Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations • Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs

FAO: Roles of Agriculture Project

Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what society desires.

Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases Policy challenge to

Address Externalities

(costs or benefits not valued in the market and not adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker) to

Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods

use; mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use) (rules of access and to

Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach

(resources, and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others to

Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets

and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.

that generate growth

Studies

conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

Global:

 Ecosystem resilience  Climate change mitigation (C, land cover)  Biodiversity

Regional/National:

 Ecosystem resilience 

Watershed mgmt

(prevent soil erosion & off site impacts) 

Water

(stable regime; flood prevention) 

Biodiversity

 plant + animal genetic resources; services  wild spp.+ wildlife conservation 

Air quality

(reduce GHG)

Local:

 Ecosystem resilience 

Biodiversity

 farmed spp., associated spp., ecosystem functions 

NRM- soil+ water conservation



Pollution control

Roles of Agriculture

SOCIAL VIABILITY

Equity; Stability

Global:

 Social stability  Poverty Alleviation

Regional/National:



Rural-urban migration

(social implications) 

Welfare systems substitute



Social capital formation



Biodiversity:

diverse livelihoods

Local:

 Social stability of rural community  Rural employment  Family values, gender impact.



Bodiversity

-coping strategies; risk mgmt

FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Global:

 Economic Growth  Poverty alleviation  World Food Security

Regional/National:



Access to food



National security

 

Food safety support in times of crises (remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid) CULTURAL ROLE

Gender; Heritage; IK

Global:

 Cultural Diversity  Indigenous Knowledge 

Regional/ National:



Cultural heritage

 

Cultural identity Perception of roles of agriculture



Local:

 Local / household food security  Biodiversity: nutrition; pest + disease control, options  Sustainability  Employment  Income  services

Local:

 Landscape, recreation, tourism  Indigenous knowledge (disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)  Traditional technology.

Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity

Market opportunities

• Premium price for local products • Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop rotations; water harvesting • Add-value products (fruit and milk processing) • Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping) • Handicrafts and Ecotourism

Nutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities • Dietary energy supply amino acids) can be satisfied without diversity but micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; • Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security • Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents

Understanding impacts/implications of HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity

HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?

Less labour Less labour intensive crops Reduction in crop range and variety Reduction in land cultivated

Loss of genetic diversity

Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)

properties that ‘come with the territory’

Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security

•

Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building Multi-sectoral approaches

: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (

coordination; committees

). • •

Mainstreaming in national programmes

(poverty alleviation, gender) • •

Land use planning

habitat dimensions) at community and watershed levels (landscape; • •

Supporting on farm management Networks

: e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • • Participatory

assessment, monitoring

and early warning systems

Information systems

(threatened resources, threats etc)

Training and education Raising awareness

: curricula, adult education, extension, gender of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers (local media, schools, etc)

Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits

Biodiversity



Agriculture

Productivity Adaptation Maintenance of ecosystem functions

Agriculture



Biodiversity

Delivery of ecosystem services Incentives Ecological knowledge

The National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme in Lao

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY PROGRAMME CROP AND CROP ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY HOUSEHOLD BASED INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS INTEGRATED PARTICIPATORY PLANNING APPROACHES MANAGEMENT ARRANGEMENTS

FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications

•

You are invited to look at display copies of Biodiversity Awareness Folder

(series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. Why is Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro ecosystem Functions?

• Publication

Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

, 2003, case studies developed with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp

• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case studies of

Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security

(November 2004) • distributed Publications:

Valuing crop biodiversity Beyond the Gene Horizon

and (prepoared with IPGRI, now Bioversity)

http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/doc_en.asp

Overview of the FAO - Government of Kenya

Agrobiodiversity Programme

FAO –Netherlands Partnership Programme (FNPP II - 2005 – 2007) Collaboration for policy and strategic support for sustainable ecosystems, rural livelihoods and food security

Food Security Agrobiodiversity Forestry

Guiding principles of Kenya strategic integrated programme

• People centred (gender equity) • Inter-sectoral approach/ process • Strengthening existing programme activities • Policy impact in short/ medium term • Ecosystem approach • Opportunity for establishing synergies • Integrating water

AGBD

Programme framework and linkages

Policy dialogue- mainstreaming AGBD, enabling environment Harmonisation AGBD, FS, FO Specific studies Integrated land use, resources and agrobiodiversity assessment Training institutes information and communication Specific databases

Local community action in Lake Zone district - fishing communities

Case studies and policy briefs

Local community action in Dryland district agropastoral communities

AGBD Issues respond to needs identified

Habitat management

(beaches, user rights, pollination)

Integrated resources management

(agro-ecological approaches; river basin management, soil, water, biological resources)

Alternative livelihoods

(fishing communities)

Invasiveness

(e.g. Prosopis – other woody species. learning from fisheries)

Responding to HIV/AIDS

(labour saving CA approaches, nutrition, fisher-trader links)

Drought resilience

(local varieties/species, runoof management

Markets - Seeds Networks

(prices, organisation, farming as a business)

Agrobiodiversity Programme: Local level – FFS in diverse farming systems/AEZ

Identifying and adapting agro biodiversity management options + opportunities 1) Mwingi district, semi-arid agro-pastoral  drought resilient, mixed systems 2. Bondo district, Sub-humid Lake Zone  sustainable, productive aquatic and terrestrial systems 3. Coastal zone: INRA pilot

Link with drylands Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia 1 2 Link across Lake Victoria basin

1a)Targets farmer groups, extension/facilitators

PRA and AGBD study Identify issues for FFS Curriculum development FFS Conduct and evaluation Documenting process and lessons FFS Resource management systems, land & water, Diversification- species, habitat management Soil health, pollination, aquaculture + fishery LInKS

Identified General topics for FFS process

• Community resources management + impacts (species, habitats, etc.) • Changing customs and innovations (practices, by-laws, diet, recipes..) • Local conservation strategies; individual and communal • Effects of markets and market development • Ecological services e.g. pollination, beekeeping; soil health, water • Impact of cash crops (on systems, income, environment, security..) • IPM, safe use and beneficial insect species • Links with other actors (nutrition, health, business management etc.)

Drought resilient agropastoral systems

• Genebank of local varieties • Communal seed systems (storage) • Effects of commercialised crops • Drought resistant crops: sorghum varieties; green gram; pigeon pea • Resilient, productive systems (water harvesting etc.)

Farming, fish farming and fisheries in Lake Victoria basin

• Local vegetables (income, nutrition, ..) • Alien species • 2 fisheries scenarios: river (aquaculture) and lake (catch) • Upstream agric. and non-agricultural practices affecting aquatic area • Changes in aquatic area (not only fish) • Conservation and use – e.g. products of wild harvested spp.such as Papyrus

1.b) Targets extension and technical staff

• • • • • •

Curriculum development

– integrate AGBD in training

Training materials/ short courses Livelihood approaches- HIV/AIDS, gender, nutrition Exchange between extension and training Workshops with colleges Development of Case studies and Policy briefs

FFS in Kenya seed fair Kenya

AGBD 2: Improving access to information & knowledge

2.a Integrated natural resources assessment INRA

(builds on forest resources assessment) Assess available information and needs (status and trends - land use, habitat/species) - Develop and pilot inter-sectoral methodology (AGBD, land use, land, water, other natural resources, ecosystem) - Identify indicator and tools (field survey, transects, RRA-questionnaire) - Capacity building (Participatory mapping and assessment; RS, sampling, - Compatible data, database development and analysis) -

Targets technical capacity & informed decision making by policy makers/resource manager

Improving access to information & knowledge (cont.)

2.b) Information systems on alien species in fisheries and forestry 2c) Information on plant genetic resources for food an agriculture

– Assess status of genetic resources with FFS – – Train people to collect and analyse data Improve the quality of information about PGRFA status and dynamics – – Contribute to reporting commitment to State of World report on PGRFA link with over 26 key PGR institutions Targets: technical + extension level (Partners: Genebank, IPGRI..)

2d) Research on Managing Seed Systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources:

Two focus areas

1. Using markets to promote sustainable use of CGR

How to manage seed systems to promote sustainable agriculture, improved farm welfare and in situ conservation of important crop genetic diversity. Methodology development – Case studies: Mali, Kenya, India, Mexico, Bolivia

2. Economic analysis of seed system impacts on farm welfare and on farm diversity

Assessing the links between seed systems and farm level use of crops and varieties and their implications for welfare and diversity Case studies: Ethiopia (Sorghum, Wheat); Mozambique (cowpea) India (Pearl Millet) Mexico (Maize) in partnership with IPGRI, ICRISAT, IFPRI, and CIMMYT

Encourage partnerships for institutional capacity building & integrated NR management.

Multiple Partners are identified for synergy and collaboration • Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock • Departments: Resource survey and remote sensing; Fisheries and forestry • Ministry of Environment and Education • technical bodies KARI, KEFRI, ICRAF,ITDG, JKU, ICRISAT, ILRI, KEMFRI...

• Community level: District, FFS, Extension, • Universities (Egerton, Moi, Jomo Kenyatta) • Training colleges- teacher training, agriculture and forestry • Partner organisations: ICRISAT, Bioversity, ITDG, CIKSAP, etc.

Work together to achieve happy healthy farmers and ecosystems

Smallholders access market prices from rural info kiosks, c/o Pride africa, IDRC

Farmers’ studying ecology and biodiversity, Farmer Field School approaches

thank you for your attention

• • • • • • •

Case studies of Sustainable agriculture enhancing agricultural biodiversity

Increased use of mixtures

(intercropping, multistorey, agro forestry, crop-livestock systems)

Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material

and animal) (plant –

Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization

–

labelling, registration) (niche markets,

Review and promote policies for development and use

biodiversity conseravtion and coping with climate change e.g.

Soil biodiversity and its management

Mixing and burrowing of termites can be stimulated by applying organic mulch and their feeding can promote soil regenerative activities

From Micro organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi

Soil Biodiversity

Micro & meso-fauna protozoa, nematodes to acari & springtails ...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below ground Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms

Management practice:

Managing Pollinators

Results: Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity

Targeting farmers: Increasing Farmer Access to Germplasm and Information

Case studies/opportunities for Sustainable pastoralism

•

Controlled burning by pastoralists can improve forage quality and diversification of vegetation structure and species composition (trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals)

•

Livestock grazing and crop-livestock integration can improve nutrient cycling and make better use of fragile resources/ ecosystems

•

Livestock wildlife interaction: management of animal movements, stocking rates, control of incompatible cultivation by farmers; herders protect grazing wildlife from predators

• •

Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversity- making best use of resources

Thatching, Busia District Grass-strips between crops Machakos District Kenya Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and Use

Practices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main forms: •

on-farm

strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of grass and bush, fallow land, fenced • graminae rich plots…

off-farm

- management of community grazing lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites… • - controlled burning

traditional uses and skills

Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification

Sustainable management practices:

energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for

diverse habitats and landscapes

that support biodiversity

Human management of ecosystems

may

increase

Planned settlements/roads:

reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)

Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action

to safeguard those groups and species that

are more sensitive

to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds

Land use planning

Regulations :

stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.

Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience

FAO Roles of Agriculture Project

Premise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not valued by market transactions  may be under-produced relative to what society desires.

Address Externalities

(costs or benefits not valued in the market and not adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker) to

Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods

use; mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use) (rules of access and to

Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach

(resources, and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others to

Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets

and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.

that generate growth

Studies

conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

Global:

 Ecosystem resilience  Climate change mitigation (C, land cover)  Biodiversity

Regional/National:

 Ecosystem resilience 

Watershed mgmt

(prevent soil erosion & off site impacts) 

Water

(stable regime; flood prevention) 

Biodiversity

 plant + animal genetic resources; services  wild spp.+ wildlife conservation 

Air quality

(reduce GHG)

Local:

 Ecosystem resilience 

Biodiversity

 farmed spp., associated spp., ecosystem functions 

NRM- soil+ water conservation



Pollution control

Roles of Agriculture

SOCIAL VIABILITY

Equity; Stability

Global:

 Social stability  Poverty Alleviation

Regional/National:



Rural-urban migration

(social implications) 

Welfare systems substitute



Social capital formation



Biodiversity:

diverse livelihoods

Local:

 Social stability of rural community  Rural employment  Family values, gender impact.



Bodiversity

-coping strategies; risk mgmt

FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION

Global:

 Economic Growth  Poverty alleviation  World Food Security

Regional/National:



Access to food



National security

 

Food safety support in times of crises (remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid) CULTURAL ROLE

Gender; Heritage; IK

Global:

 Cultural Diversity  Indigenous Knowledge 

Regional/ National:



Cultural heritage

 

Cultural identity Perception of roles of agriculture



Local:

 Local / household food security  Biodiversity: nutrition; pest + disease control, options  Sustainability  Employment  Income  services

Local:

 Landscape, recreation, tourism  Indigenous knowledge (disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)  Traditional technology.

Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity

Market opportunities

Understanding impacts/implications of HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity

HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?

Less labour Less labour intensive crops Reduction in crop range and variety Reduction in land cultivated

Loss of genetic diversity

Catchments: support linkages/relation between ‘upland land users (providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries) land users environmental service providers

land management reduce threats – SWC, IPM etc biodiversity and landscape beauty water quantity, quality and flow terrestrial C storage dynamic landscape change in space and time natural capital and properties- territory

environmental service beneficiaries water users

Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security

•

Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building Multi-sectoral approaches

: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (

coordination; committees

). • •

Mainstreaming in national programmes

(poverty alleviation, gender) • •

Land use planning

habitat dimensions) at community and watershed levels (landscape; • •

Supporting on farm management Networks

: e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • • Participatory

assessment, monitoring

and early warning systems

Information systems

(threatened resources, threats etc)

Training and education Raising awareness

: curricula, adult education, extension, gender of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers (local media, schools, etc)

Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits

Biodiversity



Agriculture

Productivity Adaptation Maintenance of ecosystem functions

Agriculture



Biodiversity

Delivery of ecosystem services Incentives Ecological knowledge

The National Agricultural Biodiversity Programme in Lao

FAO Agro-biodiversity Publications

•

Biodiversity Awareness Folder

Why is Biodiversity Important for the Maintenance of Agro ecosystem Functions?

(series of flyers/fact sheets e.g. • Publication

Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

, 2003, case studies developed with partners htttp://www.fao.org/biodiversity_en.asp

• Powerpoint presentations prepared forCGRFA-10 Side event Case studies of

Mainstreaming agrobiodiversity for food security

(November 2004) • distributed Publications:

Valuing crop biodiversity Beyond the Gene Horizon

Bioversity) and (prepoared with IPGRI, now http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/doc_en.asp

http://www.fao.org/biodiversity/doc_en.asp