Transcript Neutrino Detectors Gary Barker (University of Warwick) PPAP, Uni. Birmingham , 18-09-12 Requirements of the detectors To have sensitivity to mass hierarchy and dCP.

Neutrino Detectors
Gary Barker
(University of Warwick)
PPAP, Uni. Birmingham , 18-09-12
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Requirements of the detectors
To have sensitivity to mass hierarchy and dCP in a single experiment will require:
 Target mass at least as big as T2K/SuperK and Nova
 To record neutrino interactions over a spread of energies (Wide Band Beam)
 Excellent reconstruction of kinematics (esp. En)
 Clean ne CC reconstruction (i.e. small nm CC and NC backgrounds)
Ideally with charge reconstruction ability:
Essential for a Neutrino factory beam to discriminate nm/anti- nm (Golden Channel)
 Unfolding the nm/anti- nm components of a conventional beam
For a Particle Astrophysics/nucleon decay/geo-neutrino programme:
 Low threshold physics (< few tens MeV ): core collapse SNe,
diffuse SNe remnants, thermonuclear solar neutrinos, geoneutrinos...
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Main Technology Choices
Iron/scintillator sandwich tracking
calorimeter
MINOS
Liquid argon
Liquid scintillator
BOREXINO
SUPERKAMIOKANDE
Water Cherenkov
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Pros and Cons
Iron/scintillator sandwich tracking
calorimeter
For: Little R&D needed,
optimised for Golden channel
at a high energy NF
Against: Relatively high
thresholds, no electron ID
Liquid argon
For:
 True 3D imaging with pixel size ~
(3mmx3mmx0.3mm)
Glasgow/Valencia
Glasgow/Valencia
Signal efficiency
“wrong-sign” muons
 High granularity dE/dx (PID)
 Total absorption cal.
E
E
 10E%
(e’s)
 Relatively low energy threshold
 Charge and scintillation light readout
Against: Scale-up issues?
Water Cherenkov
Liquid scintillator
For:
For:
Excellent e-muon separation
Against:

Reconstruction: only a low En option (<OGeV)

Cherenkov threshold e.g. p  K n

Size: maybe 1Mton (x20 SuperK)
•Very low thresholds possible (200 p.e./MeV)

• Well matched to low-energy programme
Against:
• Reconstruction: similar issues to H2O at high
energy, directional information difficult
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Options Worldwide
MIND: x9 MINOS @ NF
LAr: single tank (20m
drift) vs modular
approach (4m
maximum drift )
40m x14m x 14m, B=1T
x106 ton-scale water-Cherenkov detectors
Memphis in Europe
HyperK in Japan
LENA: 70kt liquid
scintillator (100m x
30m) with active veto
for direct cosmics and
fast spallation neutrons
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LAr TPC
UK focus has been on a LAr TPC as being the most able to
provide a physics program across a broad spectrum of
neutrino physics
Superb oscillation physics capability to measure oscillations
as a function of energy and for n/anti-n separately to break
MH/dCP degeneracies in a single experiment (6: 1 mass
advantage c.f. Water Cherenkov)
 Nucleon decay lifetime sensitivities >1034 years:
* multi-prong channels:
p  m -  K 

* kaon channels : p  K n
(Order -of- magnitude improvement in efficiency for same
background over SuperK)
 Supernova burst neutrinos (for galactic event, expect O10k
neutrinos/10secs for 20kt) ; sensitivity to remnant supernova
neutrinos (all n-flavours visible)
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Current State of the Art: ICARUS
Jim Strait (Project Director for LBNE):`R&D for an ICARUS-style
detector complete – what remains are engineering issues’
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LAr: Readout Technology
Two main options
Single phase e.g. ICARUS
Double phase
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Challenges Towards a Large LAr TPC
LAr purity
2-phase charge
readout and
light readout
Drift field
DAQ/trigger
/electronics
Near
Detectors
Engineering
Event
reconstruction
UK activity (to varying degrees) in all these areas mainly through participation in
Euro design studies: EuroNu, IDS-NF, LAGUNA, LAGUNA-LBNO, ASPERA....
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UK Focus: Purity/Field
Long drift distances in LAr(>10m) demand
low electronegative impurities:
 LAPD@FNAL (30t LAr volume , nonevacuated dewar) recently demonstrated 3ms
electron lifetime (100 ppt oxygen equiv.)
 In right ball-park: 10ms gives 20m
attenuation length (for drift of 1 kV/cm)
 Liverpool /ETHZ tests @CERN demonstrate
`piston effect’ and impurity effect on e-lifetime
studies (K. Mavrokoridis et al. JINST 6 P08003)
HV feed-throughs of ~a few MV can be avoided by internal
HV generation (Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier)
 ArDM experiment@CERN has demonstrated 1kV/cm over
1.2m (5m demonstration underway – ARGONTUBE@Bern)
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UK Focus: Engineering Solutions
 UK companies* are playing a lead role in defining
engineering solutions for a large LAr TPC through
LAGUNA-LBNO:
Tank design: based on industrial LNG tank
with stainless steel or membrane options
Non-standard roof : must support field cage
inside and electronics from above, feedthroughs etc
 Delivery of argon underground/ventillation
 Underground risk assessment
Green light for a given project would trigger rapid
engineering progress – the UK could be at forefront
of this
Technodyne
* Technodyne International Ltd in collaboration with Alan Auld Ltd, Ryhal Engineering
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UK Focus: Electronics/DAQ
 Expertise and experience (LHC, MINOS, T2K,..)
 Some conceptual design work already starting:
Generic DAQ concept for LAr (Proposed by UCL,
Manchester for LBNE testbeam)
Triggering on events with high background
environment e.g. surface LAr detectors at LBNE
(Oxford group)
 Interesting progress in integrating more of the electronics
chain (amplifier+digitiser) into dedicated CMOS ASICS
running in the liquid volume itself (French and US groups)
Real international need for solutions that could put UK in
strong position for future involvement
0.35 mm CMOS amp. working at
cryogenic temps. (IPNL, Lyon)
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UK Focus: Reconstruction
True automatic event reconstruction only
recently seriously developed:
 Neutrino event topology reconstruction
(cellular automaton, principle curves), emag/hadron shower separation (Warwick)
 First application to ARGONTUBE data –
measure diffusion constants over 5m drift
(Warwick)
nm  p  m-  p  
LAr simulation
ARGONTUBE data
 Electron/pi0 separation using dE/dx ; energy
resolution; hit simulation (QMUL/ETHZ)
 Cambridge starting to apply particle flow
algorithms for LBNE LAr studies
 Sheffield leading cosmic background studies
@ LBNE
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UK Focus: Readout R&D
 Liverpool LAr test-stand (40l) working with CEASaclay to investigate bulk MicroMegas for charge
amplification
 Prompt light important for
t0/triggering. Liverpool
/Sheffield WLS coatings for
PMT’s (128nm->430nm).
 Warwick and Sheffield have investigated
possibility of using secondary scintillation
emission from TGEM in single phase
experiment
P K Lightfoot et al., JINST 4:P04002,2009
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UK Focus:Near Detectors
Used to constrain (un-oscillated) event
rate at far detector in LBL experiments
 Essential to control beam flux
systematics at 5% or better for dCP-reach
in any of the future LBL projects
A. Longhin @nuTURN
UK experience e.g. T2K ND280
(ECAL, DAQ, engineering) and
Glasgow have studied for a Neutrino
Factory
 Hybrid design under consideration:
10- bar argon gas TPC surrounded by
scintillator bars (readout as in T2K) to
contain showers + 0.5T B-field
Near detector concept for LBNO
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Short-term opportunities (1)
MicroBooNE
US: MicroBooNE (low E cross sections, MiniBooNE
anomaly+R&D) leading onto LBNE 10kt (or even
5kt+5kt) ?
Japan: prototype work in 340MeV/c kaon beamline @
JPARC (reconstruction work) leading onto large detector at
Okinoshima?
100kt Lar @ Okinoshima

AIDA(Euro Integrating Activity Project): Test beam infrastructure (tagged
electrons and muons with charge ID) at CERN for neutrino detector prototyping :
MiniMIND, DAQ (Glasgow, Liverpool,Oxford, Sheffield)
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Short term Opportunities (2)
LAGUNA-LBNO R&D@CERN
 A 6x6x6 m3 (300 t) prototype is proposed to be constructed and operated in the
CERN North Area
 To demonstrate feasibility, optimise technologies and evaluate physics performance
of the double-phase TPC concept on a large scale
 Charged particle test beams will be available to collect the first-ever large, controlled,
data set to measure calorimetry and PID performance and to validate /develop further
our simulation and reconstruction
 To be positioned in the EHN1 (North Area Hall) - design work already started in GS
division for extension of the building
 Start of construction expected next year
 Ideal facility for R&D and preparation of the full LAGUNA-LBNO proposal and of
interest to other options using LAr e.g. LBNE, Okinoshima.
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Closing Remarks
 Next project choice clearly still in flux ......
 UK focus has been on LAr and groups have managed, with minimal funding, to
start laying foundations for contributions to a future project
 Many areas of R&D are common to all of the detector technology options : e.g.
DAQ, underground engineering, near detectors,...
 Staged solutions involving gradual build-up of detector mass are the favoured
strategy (LAGUNA-LBNO, LBNE)
 Final detector implementations may involve hybrid solutions combining the best
from different technologies e.g.:
LAGUNA-LBNO far detector
GLACIER+LENA installation @ Pyhasalmi
to cover high+low E physics programme
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Thanks to...
Kostas Mavrokoridis, Andre Rubbia, Neil Spooner, Lee Thompson, Christos
Touramanis,....
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