Dr. Basavaraj K. Nanjwade

Professor of Pharmaceutics Department of Pharmaceutics KLE University College of Pharmacy JN Medical College Campus BELGAUM – 590010 Cell No: 00919742431000 E-mail: [email protected]

M. Pharm., Ph.D

Applications of Nanotechnol

ogy

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Introduction (Nanotechnology)

 The prefix nano comes from the Greek word which means one-billionth part of something.

nanos,

 So, nanotechnology can be described as engineering and manufacturing at the scale of a nanometer or nanoscale (nanometer = 10 -9 meter).

 Examples of nano-substance are- Atom diameter 0.15

nm, diameter of double strand DNA 2 nm, and cell 1000 nm.

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Cell Structure

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Introduction (Nanotechnology)

 The aim of nano-scientists is to virtually imitate nature.

 They are trying to construct objects out of their most basic components, atom by atom, the way that nature does.

 This offers an unprecedented degree of precision and control over the final product.

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Introduction (Nanotechnology)

 As a fundamental understanding of how nature works at the atomic scale.

 We can consider nanotechnology as enabling technology; it will enable us to do radical new things in virtually every technological and scientific arena.

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Introduction (Nanotechnology)

 However, despite great investments and hard scientific work, things are actually moving a bit slowly.

 Most scientists believe that nanotechnology will start seriously influence our lives around the year 2020 05 March. 2011 M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 7

Targeted Drug Delivery

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

 Nanotechnology may help in increasing the solubility & bioavailability of drugs.

 New dosage forms and better exploration of less-used drug administration routes for efficient therapeutic outcomes.

 Nanoparticles with diameter less than 200nm are not screened out of circulation by liver and spleen.

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

 Nanotechnology is better suited for drug targeting of individual tissues.

 Cells and cellular receptors and hence, more suitable for gene and vaccine delivery.

 It may also be helpful in designing nanoporous membranes for controlled-delivery drug devices

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

 Nanoscale powders of antiasthma and analgesic drugs are quickly absorbed in the human body in comparison to the traditional drug delivery systems.

 Nanotechnology is particularly useful in case of drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

 It has been shown that self-assemblies (~ 15nm) of phospholipid molecules known as sterically stabilized micelles are helpful in improving efficacy and reducing toxicity of such drugs.

 The side effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide delivered by this nanotechnology was completely eliminated as it extravasated specifically in diseased tissues.

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Advantages of Nanotechnology

 Nanotech based drug delivery is less toxic as well as inexpensive.

 Nanotechnology is suited for better drugs delivery to small regions within the human body as such drugs can easily cross biological membranes.

 Liposomes are effective for drug targeting by chemotherapeutic agents

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Nanotechnology – Applications

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 Nanoparticles can be used in targeted drug delivery at the site of disease to improve the uptake of poorly soluble drugs, the targeting of drugs to a specific site, and drug bioavailability.

 A schematic comparison of untargeted and targeted drug delivery systems.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and dexamethasone have been successfully formulated using nanomaterials.

 Polylactic/glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) based nanoparticles have been formulated to encapsulate dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid with an intracellular site of action.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 Dexamethasone is a chemotherapeutic agent that has anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects.

 The drug binds to the cytoplasmic receptors and the subsequent drug-receptor complex is transported to the nucleus resulting in the expression of certain genes that control cell proliferation.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 These drug-loaded nanoparticles formulations that release higher doses of drug for prolonged period of time completely inhibited proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

 Colloidal drug delivery modalities such as liposomes, micelles or nanoparticles have been intensively investigated for their use in cancer therapy.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 The effectiveness of drug delivery systems can be attributed to their small size, reduced drug toxicity, controlled time release of the drug and modification of drug pharmacokinetics and biological distribution.

 Too often, chemotherapy fails to cure cancer because some tumor cells develop resistance to multiple anticancer drugs.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 In most cases, resistance develops when cancer cells begin expressing a protein, known as p-glycoprotein that is capable of pumping anticancer drugs out of a cell as quickly as they cross through the cell's outer membrane.

 New research shows that nanoparticles may be able to get anticancer drugs into cells without triggering the p-glycoprotein pump.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 The researchers studied

loaded in vivo efficacy of paclitaxel

nanoparticles in paclitaxel-resistant human colorectal tumors.

 Paclitaxel entrapped in emulsifying wax nanoparticles was shown to overcome drug resistance in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (HCT-15).

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 The insolubility problems encountered with paclitaxel can be overcome by conjugating this drug with albumin.

 Paclitaxel bound to bio-compatible proteins like albumin (Abraxane) is an injectable nano-suspension approved for the treatment of breast cancer.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery System

s  The solvent formulations Cremophor-EL of paclitaxel hypersensitivity reactions.

used in causes previous acute  To reduce the risk of allergic reactions when receiving paclitaxel, patients must undergo pre-medication using steroids and anti-histamines and be given the drug using slow infusions lasting a few hours.

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Nanotechnology – based drug delivery Systems

 Binding paclitaxel to albumin resulted in delivery of higher dose of drug in short period of time.

 Because it is solvent-free, solvent- related toxicities are also eliminated.

 In Phase III clinical trial, the response rate of Abraxane was about twice than that of the solvent containing drug Taxol.

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Drug Delivery Carriers

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Recent Developments in NDDS

 Several terminologies have been used to describe nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.

 In most cases, either polymers or lipids are used as carriers for the drug, and the delivery systems have particle size distribution from few nanometers to few hundred nanometers.

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Applications of Nanotechnology

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Applications of Nanotechnology

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Biomedical Applications of Nanotechnology

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Biomedical nanotechnology

 Three applications of nanotechnology are particularly suited to biomedicine: diagnostic techniques, drugs, and prostheses and implants.

 Interest is booming in biomedical applications for use outside the body, such as diagnostic sensors and “labon- a-chip” techniques, which are suitable for analyzing blood and other samples, and for inclusion in analytical instruments for R&D on new drugs.

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Biomedical nanotechnology

 For inside the body, many companies are developing nanotechnology applications for anticancer drugs, implanted insulin pumps, and gene therapy.

 Other researchers are working on prostheses and implants that include nanostructured materials.

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Diagnostics

 Sensors for medical and environmental monitoring and for preparing pure chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

 Light and strong materials for defence, aerospace, automotive, and medical applications.

 Lab-on-a-chip diagnostic techniques.

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Diagnostics

 Sunscreens with ultraviolet-light absorbing nanoparticles.

 The following applications are expected in the next decade: • Longer-lasting medical implants.

• The capability to map an individual’s entire genetic code almost instantaneously.

• The ability to extend life by 50% from present expectations.

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 Pharmaceutical nanostructured compounds.

Nanodrugs

companies materials to do become not new expect drug  However, carbon buckyballs and nanotubes might be useful as drug delivery vehicles because their nanometer size enables them to move easily inside the body.

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Nanodrugs

 The active compound might be inserted in a nanotube or bonded to a particle’s surface.

 Other types of nanopowders or biomolecules are also useful and are closer to the marketplace.

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Nanodrugs

 In April 2002, American Pharmaceutical Partners (Los Angeles) presented results from an early human trial of ABI-007, a new nanoparticle delivery system for an established anticancer drug.

 ABI- 007 is 130 nm long and consists of an engineered protein-stabilized nanoparticle that contains paclitaxel, which is used to treat breast, bladder, and more than a dozen other cancers.

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Nanodrugs

 Such new delivery systems combine a drug with an artificial vector that can enter the body and move in it like a virus.

 If more advanced clinical tests are successful, ABI 007 is likely to enter the market in a few years.

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Nanodrugs

 Cosmetics based on quantum dots are already sold in large quantities.

 Nanophase Technologies Corp. (Romeoville, IL) produces nanocrystalline materials such as zinc oxide for use in sunscreens and other products.

 The particles are protective and cause minimal damage to DNA in sunlight.

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Nanodrugs

 Quantum dots are manufactured between 3 and 5 nm, suitable for binding specific biomolecules.

 The quantum dots are luminescent particles, more stable than the organic dies used today.

 They are nontoxic.

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Prostheses and implants

 Nanotechnology also has applications in tissue engineering.

 New biomedical materials for bones, teeth, or other tissues implant are developed using tailor-made materials.

 Biomimetic nanostructures start with a predefined nanochemical or physical structure.

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Prostheses and implants

 A nanochemical structure may be an array of large reactive molecules attached to a surface, while a nanophysical structure may be a small crystal.

 Researchers hope that by using these nanostructures as seed molecules or crystals, a material will keep growing by itself.

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Prostheses and implants

 Other groups want to apply nanostructured materials in artificial sensory organs such as an electronic eye, ear, or nerve.

 Both feats are far off.

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1.

Equipments for Nanoparticles

Homogenizer 2.

Ultra Sonicator 3.

Mills 4.

Spray Milling 5.

Supercritical Fluid Technology 6.

Electrospray 7.

Ultracentrifugation 8.

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Homogenizer & Ultra Sonicator

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ANY QUERIES?

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Cell No: 00919742431000 E-mail: [email protected]

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