Transcript Improving Air Quality Through Energy Efficiency NJ Clean Air Council April 11, 2007 Paul H.

Improving Air Quality
Through Energy Efficiency
NJ Clean Air Council
April 11, 2007
Paul H. Genoa
Director, Policy Development
Overview
 Energy efficiency – two dimensions
– Demand side, supply side
 Nuclear efficiency gains = clean air benefits
– Reduced GHG & criteria pollutant emissions
 Future nuclear offers non-traditional benefits
– Transportations sector emissions reduction
– Energy extraction efficiency improvements
U.S. Electricity Generation and Net Summer
Capacity Fuel Shares
Generation, 2006*
Oil
1.6%
Net Summer Capacity, 2005
Gas
19.9%
Gas
39.2%
Nuclear
19.4%
Nuclear
10.2%
Oil
Coal
49.0%
Hydro
6.9%
Renewable
and Other
3.1%
* Preliminary
Source: Global Energy Decisions / Energy Information Administration
Updated: 4/07
Hydro
6.0%
10.1%
Coal
32.0%
Renewable
and Other
2.5%
U.S. Nuclear Industry Net Electricity
Generation and Avoided Emissions
1990-2006
900
bkWh
800
700
Increase in nuclear
generation from 1990.
Equivalent to avoiding
2 billion metric tons of
carbon dioxide.
Nuclear (bkWh)
1990
576.9
2006* 787.2
600
500
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
* Preliminary
Source: Global Energy Decisions / Energy Information Administration
Updated: 4/07
2000
2002
2004
2006*
Efficiency Yields Economic Performance
U.S. Nuclear Production Cost
2006 Cents per kilowatt-hour
3.0
2.5
2.0
2000: 2.01 cents/kWh
2001: 1.90 cents/kWh
1.5
2002: 1.90 cents/kWh
2003: 1.86 cents/kWh
1.0
2004: 1.83 cents/kWh
2005: 1.77 cents/kWh
0.5
0.0
2006: 1.65 cents/kWh*
'95
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
'03
'04
'05
'06
Source: Global Energy Decisions
* NEI estimate for 2006
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Emissions Reductions in Perspective
 The UNFCCC estimates that the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) will generate 1.2 billion
tonnes of emission reductions by the end of 2012
 Worldwide, nuclear power avoids the emissions of
around 2 billion tonnes of CO2 annually
Source: UNFCCC CDM Statistics (http://cdm.unfccc.int/statistics) and International Energy Agency. Emissions avoided by nuclear power are
calculated using an average fossil fuel emissions rate that is weighted by the ratio of projected coal and gas generation.
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World Nuclear Generation
1973 – 2005, Billion kWh
3,000
2,628
World nuclear generation avoids
more than 2 billion tons of carbon
dioxide each year since 1992.1
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
Source: International Atomic Energy Agency
1One
billion kWh from nuclear avoids about one million tons of carbon dioxide.
Updated: 6/06
1993
1997
2001
2005
U.S. Electric Power Industry CO2 Avoided
Million Metric Tons
2006
681.2
241.9
Nuclear
Hydro
22.2
12.8
0.4
Geothermal
Wind
Solar
Source: Emissions avoided are calculated using regional and national fossil fuel emissions rates from the Environmental
Protection Agency and plant generation data from the Energy Information Administration.
Updated: 4/07
Nuclear Energy Has an Environmental Impact Comparable to
Renewables
Life Cycle Emissions for Various Electricity Sources
Coal - Modern Plant
790 - 1182
Solar Photovoltaic
13 - 731
Natural Gas (Combined Cycle)
389 - 511
Wind
7 - 124
Biomass/forestry/waste
combustion
Low
High
15 - 101
Nuclear
2 - 59
Hydropower
2 - 48
0
Source: “Hydropower-Internalised Costs
and Externalised Benefits,” Frans H.
Koch. International Energy Agency
200
400
600
800
gram equiv CO2/kWh
1000
1200
1400
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Nuclear Energy is the Largest Source of Emission Free Electricity
in the U.S.
Wind
1.4%
Nuclear
73.0%
Hydro
24.1%
Geothermal
1.4%
Source: Global Energy Decisions / Energy Information Administration
Solar
0.1%
Nuclear Power Dominates the U.S. Voluntary CO2 Reductions
Program
End Use and Energy
Efficiency
11%
Methane (fugitive
gas, waste,
agriculture)
26%
Other
10%
Carbon
Sequestration
2%
Other Electric
Generation
9%
Nuclear Generation
36%
Renewable
Generation
5%
Transportation and
Off-Road Vehicles
1%
Source: Energy Information Administration Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases 2004
U.S. Nuclear Plant Uprates
Cumulative Capacity Additions at Existing Plants
2000-2011
6,000
1,383 MWe Expected
5,000
1,057 MWe Under Review
4,000
2,909 MWe Approved
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
12
Source: Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Restart of Browns Ferry Unit 1:
On Schedule, On Budget
 On schedule to restart in
May 2007
 On budget at $1.8 billion
 Adds 1,280 MW of
capacity
 Will bring U.S. nuclear
fleet to 104 reactors
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Renewal of Operating Licenses Continues
25 Intend to Renew
22 Unannounced
48 Granted
8 in 2006
1 in 2007
8 Under NRC Review
6 Filed in 2006
Source: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
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The NGNP Concept – HTGR
Demonstration
High Efficiency Hydrogen
Plant
HTGR and TurboGenerator
Process Heat Application
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