ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook DOC 9718 – Fifth edition Presented by: Loftur Jónasson ICAO Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook

Organization of the Handbook

Nine Chapters: 1 – Introduction 2 – Objectives and purpose of the Handbook 3 – The International Telecommunication Union 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework 5 – ICAO involvement in Frequency and Spectrum 6 – Overview of the Spectrum Management Process 7 – Statement of Frequency Allocations and ICAO Policy 8 – Future Spectrum Requirement 9 – Interference protection considerations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook

Organization of the Handbook (2)

Eight Attachments: A – Definitions and Terms B – Acronyms and Abbreviations C – The Regulation of Radio in aircraft D – Review and update (of the Handbook) E – Strategy for establishing and promoting the ICAO Position for ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences e F – ICAO position for the ITU WRC-12 G – Technical Information and Frequency Sharing criteria H – ITU Resolutions and Recommendations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook

Chapter 1 - Introduction

Introduces the Handbook and highlights: -RF spectrum is a scarce natural resource and must be available to the States and radio services -Competition between users for spectrum -RF spectrum allocations managed by the ITU -Aeronautical spectrum is for safety and efficiency -RF congestion in spectrum utilization -International competition for spectrum allocations -Various processes on spectrum allocations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook

Chapter 2 – Objectives and purposes

ITU is the specialized agency of the United Nations on all telecommunication matters -ICAO is the specialized agency of the United Nations on aeronautical matters -ICAO presents the internationally agreed aeronautical requirements (ICAO position) for spectrum to ITU -WRC’s -ICAO position to be used by aeronautical authorities on a national level -ICAO position is developed by the Air Navigation Commission -ICAO position and policy statements are approved by Council Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 3 – the International Telecommunication Union (1) The ITU is the specialized agency of the United Nations on all Telecommunication matters. -Other Organizations such as ICAO are not barred from any kind of work on (aeronautical) telecommunications, including Standardization -ITU develops the Radio Regulations at World Radiocommunication Conferences. -Radio Regulations are treaty document and can only be modified at WRC’s Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 3 – the International Telecommunication Union (2) -National Radio Regulatory authorities control the mechanism for developing national proposals to ITU Conferences -Such proposals take into account the interests of all users of spectrum, including aeronautical interests -The Radio Regulations also include a number of administrative provisions (e.g. on licensing) -Technical work in ITU takes place in the Radiocommunication Study Groups -Regional positions for WRC’s are developed by the Regional Telecommunication organizations. Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook ITU Regions and Regional Telecommunication Organizations 75º

C

160º 140º 120º 100º 80º 60º 40º 20º

B

0º 20º 40º

A

60º 80º 100º 120º 140º 160º 180º 75º

CITEL

60º

REGION 2

60º 40º 30º 20º

REGION 1

CEPT RCC ASMG

40º 30º 20º

APT

0º 20º 30º 40º 60º

REGION 3

160º 140º

C

120º 100º

CITEL

80º 60º 40º 20º

B

0º

ATU

20º 40º 0º 20º 30º 40º

REGION 3

60º

A

80º 100º 120º 140º 160º 180º 60º Coverage of regions by regional telecommunication organizations approximately Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services ITU Radio Regulations: -Spectrum allocations -Registration of frequency assignments -Special (administrative) provisions -Frequencies for aviation are for safety -Spectrum allocations to Services and to each of the three ITU Regions -National or sub-Regional allocations are made through footnotes [to the table of allocations] -Use of HF spectrum is regulated in Appendix 27 to the Radio Regulations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Radio Regulations Table of Frequency Allocations Radiocommunications services Standard frequency Radio astronomy Meteorological aids SF satellite RA satellite MA satellite Amateur Amateur satellite Space research SR satellite Earth exploration EE satellite

Specialized services

Broadcast Fixed

Fixed and broadcast services

Space operations Fixed satellite Inter satellite Broadcast satellite Mobile Maritime Land Aeronautical GMDSS Port operations Ship movement MM sat Aero(R) Mobile-satellite LM sat Aero M (R) sat AeM sat Aero M (OR) sat Aero(OR)

Mobile services

Overview of services to which spectrum has been allocated Radiodetermination Radiolocation Radiodetermination satellite RL sat Radionavigation RN sat Maritime RN Aero RN

Radiodetermination services

Aero RN sat Mari RN sat Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (2) Aeronautical Communications -Allocations to the Aeronautical Mobile (R) Service: -2.8 – 30 MHz (HF bands; regulated under Appendix 27) -117.975 – 137 MHz -112 – 117.975 MHz, 960 – 1164 MHz (shared with the Aeronautical Radionavigation Service) -5091 – 5150 MHz (shared with ARNS , AMS and AMT) -Appendix 27 to the Radio Regulations contains detailed provisions on the use and coordination of HF frequencies Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (3) Allocations for use by radionavigation have been made to the -Radionavigation Service -Radionavigation-satellite Service -Aeronautical Radionavigation Service Special provisions require States to remove interference from radionavigation services Provisions for the identification of radio navigation systems (e.g. The Morse code on ILS) are contained in the Radio Regulations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (4) Relation of ITU provisions with ICAO SARPs -The ITU Radio Regulations contain the internationally agreed policies on the use of RF spectrum by ALL radio services -ICAO SARPs that affect the use of RF spectrum must comply with these policies -Radio Regulations and SARPs form a complimentary set of provisions on the use of RF spectrum by aviation Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (6) Frequency coordination and registration -In principle, coordination of frequency assignments between States to be performed by ITU -In practice, the coordination of frequency assignments for aviation is performed by ICAO (Regional Offices) for: -NDB -ILS, VOR, DME, GBAS -VHF COM -ICAO can assist in pre-coordination of HF frequency assignments Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (6) ITU Standards and ITU Recommendations -ITU does not develop standards for aeronautical radio systems -ITU develops ITU-R Recommendations which may affect the use of aeronautical systems -In most cases, ITU-R Recommendations address aspects on sharing of frequency spectrum (co-frequency and adjacent frequency) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – the ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical services (7) Radio equipment in aircraft (Attachment C to the Handbook) needs to comply with: -Telecommunication regulations: -Operate in properly allocated aeronautical frequency bands -Comply with technical provisions on spurious emission -Comply with relevant ITU-R Recommendations -Operate in accordance with a radio station license -Aeronautical regulations -Operators and station license recognized by States -Equipment covered by airworthiness certification -Comply with provisions of Annex 10 Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 4 – The ITU Regulatory Framework for aeronautical radio services (8) National regulations: -National authorities issue radio station licence -License is for the installation and use of radio equipment and is recognized by all ICAO contracting States -Airworthiness approval required Airworthiness approval -To secure compatibility with other radio equipment and electronic systems on board an aircraft -Technical Standing Order -Minimum Performance Specifications Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 5 – ICAO involvement in frequency planning ICAO develops Standards for communication and navigation systems (Article 37 of the ICAO Convention) -Equipment needs to be globally interoperable and requires globally available allocations ICAO coordinates aeronautical input on spectrum issues to ITU conferences -Input from ICAO addresses issues such as: -Protection of ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) -Interference levels -Resolution of interference -Frequency planning criteria for aviation Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 5 – ICAO involvement in frequency planning (2) ICAO activities on spectrum planning are at: -Global level (ACP WG F): -Develops ICAO policy statements; these are to be used in all discussions affecting aeronautical spectrum -ICAO position for ITU on specific aeronautical requirements to be discussed at WRC’s -Regional level: -Coordination of ICAO frequency assignment plans Support from individual ICAO contracting States is essential Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 6 – Overview of the spectrum management process Regulatory domain -ITU Radio Regulations Technical domain: -ITU-R Recommendations Licensing domain: -Radio station licence (issued by States) Registration domain: -ITU international Frequency list -ICAO frequency lists Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Overview of the spectrum management process (2) Elements of the technical domain: -Allocation planning -World wide or Regional allocations -Primary or secondary allocations -Footnote allocations -Service sharing -ITU-R Recommendations -Frequency planning -ITU frequency assignment plans -ICAO frequency assignment plans Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Overview of the spectrum management process (3) State of the art and spectrum management -Recent advances through increased use of computer technology in frequency assignment planning -New technology introduces system improvements resulting in more efficient use of spectrum (e.g. channel splitting) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Overview of the spectrum management process (4) Spectrum management in the future: -Greater demand for spectrum expected from all radio services -Spectrum planning focuses on increased sharing of spectrum between services -Spectrum planning focuses on releasing spectrum not used or not efficiently used -In some countries spectrum pricing is being proposed -Progressive introduction of more spectrum efficient systems Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 7 - Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy -Section 7-I List of frequency bands for aviation -Section 7-II Civil aviation frequency allocations -Section 7-III Other provisions in the Radio Regulations -Section 7-IV ITU Resolutions and Recommendations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (2) -Section 7-I List of frequency bands in use for civil aviation

Section 7-II Band Service Aviation use page no.

*90–110 kHz RNS LORAN-C 7-15 *130–535 kHz 2 850–22 000 kHz ARNS AM(R)S NDB/locator Air-ground communications (HF voice and data) 7-19 7-31 3 023 and 5 680 kHz 74.8–75.2 MHz *108–117.975 MHz AM(R)S ARNS ARNS AM(R)S Search and rescue Marker beacon VOR/ILS localizer/ GBAS/VDL Mode 4 7-41 7-43 7-47 *117.975–137 MHz AM(R)S Air-ground and air-air communications (VHF voice and data) 7-59 121.5, 123.1 and 243 MHz 328.6–335.4 MHz AM(R)S/MSS Emergency frequencies 7-67 ARNS ILS glide path 7-69 Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (3) Re. ICAO Handbook on radio frequency spectrum requirements (Doc. 9718) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (4) Section 7-II Civil aviation frequency allocations -Primary allocation -Has priority over secondary allocation -Secondary allocation -Shall not cause harmful interference to a primary allocation and must accept interference from a primary allocation – at any time Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (5)

Frequency distribution to

Services Areas Stations

French

Attribution (attribuer) Allotissement (allotir) Assignation (assigner)

English

Allocation (to allocate) Allotment (to allot) Assignment (to assign)

Spanish

Atribucion (atribuir) Adjudicación (adjudicar) Assignations (asignar) Frequencies are: Allocated to Services (Radio Regulations) Allotted to areas (Radio Regulations; allotment plans) Assigned to [radio] stations (by States after international coordination completed Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (6) Section 7-II Civil aviation frequency allocations, continued -Layout in Handbook for details on frequency allocations -ITU provisions relevant to the allocation -ITU provisions relevant to the allocation -ICAO policy statements (established by Council) -Description of aeronautical use -Commentary (background information) -Note that in Revision 5 of the Handbook, the below has been moved to Appendix G: -Reference material (ICAO, ITU, Industry Standards (RTCA, EUROCAE) -Interference from non-aeronautical sources (if available) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (7) Frequency allocation for the band 108 -117.975 MHz as per ITU Radio Regulations Region 1

108 –117.975

MHz 108 –117.975

Allocation to Services Region 2 Region 3 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 5.197 5.197A

Footnotes:

5.197

Additional allocation

: in Pakistan and the Syrian Arab Republic, the band 108 –111.975 MHz is also allocated to the mobile service on a secondary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No.

application of the procedures invoked under No.

9.21

.

9.21

. In order to ensure that harmful interference is not caused to stations of the aeronautical radionavigation service, stations of the mobile service shall not be introduced in the band until it is no longer required for the aeronautical radionavigation service by any administration which may be identified in the 5.197A

operating

Additional allocation:

on a primary basis to the aeronautical mobile (R) service, limited to systems in accordance the band 108-117.975 MHz is also allocated with recognized international aeronautical standards.

Such use shall be in accordance with Resolution

413 (Rev.

WRC-07)

. The use of the band 108-112 MHz by the aeronautical mobile (R) service shall be limited to systems composed of ground-based transmitters and associated receivers that provide navigational information in support of air navigation functions in accordance with recognized international aeronautical standards. (WRC-07) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (8) ICAO policy statement as approved by Council for the band 108 – 117.975 MHz

ICAO POLICY

• No change to the current allocation to the aeronautical radionavigation service and the aeronautical mobile (route) service.

• Deletion of Footnote 5.197.

• Ensure conformity with ITU-R Recommendation SM.1009

regarding compatibility with FM broadcast services in the band 87.5–108 MHz and ILS/VOR and with ITU-R Recommendation M.1841 for GBAS.

• Support studies associated with ITU-R Resolution 413 in order to facilitate the use of the frequency band by AM(R)S systems that operate in accordance with international standards..

Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (9)

- Aviation use: description of the systems (ILS, VOR, GBAS and VDL Mode 4) using the band 108 – 117.975 MHz - Commentary: Background information on the use of the band 108 – 117.975 MHz by aviation.

Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (10) MHz Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (11) -Technical and other information: -References to relevant material in: -ICAO Annex 10 (specifications for ILS, VOR, GBAS and VDL Mode 4) -RTCA and EUROCAE standards for airborne equipment -ARINC Characteristics -ITU-R Recommendations -Other technical material -References to information specific to interference from FM broadcasting stations Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Statement of frequency allocation, technical details and ICAO policy (13) Section 7-III; Radio Regulations and other material -ITU Constitution and Convention - ICAO participates as an observer in an advisory capacity -Radio Regulations Administrative provisions -No. 3.3 - incorporate technical means to reduce interference -No. 4.4 – States can use frequencies in a manner that does not comply with the Radio Regulations – However, such use must protect stations which operate in compliance with the Radio Regulations -No. 4.10 – States recognize the safety aspects of radionavigation -No. 15.8 – Special consideration to be given to avoid interference on distress and safety services -Chapter V Section III – Formation of call signs -No. 44.1

Order of priority of communications Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 8 - Future Spectrum Requirements Future spectrum requirements are identified in the Handbook for: -GNSS augmentation -GBAS -SBAS -LAAS/WAAS -Synthetic vision -HF data link -VDL Mode 4 -ADS-B -Future Communication Systems Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (1) Interference issues: -Regulatory aspects -Management and control of interference -Assessment of protection of aeronautical services -Some special cases -General protection limits for aeronautical services Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (2) Regulatory aspects -Harmful interference (RR1.169) Interference which endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety services or seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunication service operating in accordance with Radio Regulations (CS).

-Safety Service (RR 1.59) Any radiocommunication service used permanently or temporarily for the safeguarding of human life and property.

-Aviation safety factor -6dB, to be added to the minimum protection level -Registration of frequencies -Registration provides administrative protection from harmful interference Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (4) Management and control of interference: -International agreement on a regulatory basis -ITU Radio Regulations Board -System and equipment standards -ICAO SARPs -RTCA and EUROCAE specifications -ITU-R Recommendations -Licensing of radio services Licensing conditions can assist in preventing and removing interference -Control and clearance of interference -Telecommunication authority within a State -ICAO (Regional Office) -ITU (Radiocommunication Bureau) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (5) Assessment of protection of aeronautical services: -Subject to analysis (e.g. in case of allocation sharing) -Based on interference threshold, established by aviation -Aviation safety factor (6 dB) -Variables to be considered in assessment / analysis -Source of interference -Frequency separation -Distance separation -Receiver susceptibility to interference -RF propagation Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (6) Some special cases -ISM Harmonic relation between ISM frequencies and aeronautical VHF bands -VSAT /SNG -These systems use small satellite antennas and can be located anywhere; can cause interference in the near vicinity of aircraft (e.g. if used at airports ) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Chapter 9 – Interference protection considerations (7) General protection limits for aeronautical services 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 10 11 12 13 14 15

Use

Omega NDB HF Comms ILS Mkr Beacon ILS Localizer VOR VHF Comms ILS Glide Path ELT DME SSR Primary Radar (23 cm) Satcom (S to E) GPS GLONASS

Frequency Band

10–14 KHz 190–850 KHz 2.8–22 MHz 74.8–75.2 MHz 108–112 MHz 108–118 MHz 118–137 MHz 328.6–335.4 MHz 406 MHz 960–1 215 MHz 1 030–1 090 MHz 1 215–1 350 MHz 1 545–1 555 MHz 1 559–1 610 MHz 1 559–1 610 MHz

Minimum Signal dB (uV/m)

37 (1) 46 (1) 40 (1) 39 (1) 37 (1) 52 (1) 71 (1) –160 dBW (3) –160 dBW (3)

System Planning Protection Ratio DB

15 15 20 20 20 14 20 8

Suggested Maximum Level of Interfering Signal DB (uV/m)

16 20 14 13 17 26 57 –137 (2) –137 (2) Limits apply only to intra-system interference; can not be used for assessing interference with other systems Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

ICAO Radio Frequency Handbook Attachments A – Definition and Terms Summary of definitions of terms in the Radio Regulations B – Acronyms and abbreviations C – Regulation of Radio in aircraft -is addressed under Chapter 4 D – Review and update (of the Handbook) -provides a schedule for updating the Handbook to reflect decisions of WRC’s and develop positions for future WRC’s E – Strategy for establishing and promoting the ICAO position for ITU World Radiocommunication Conferences F – ICAO position for WRC-2012 – addressed in separate presentation G – Technical Information and Frequency Sharing Criteria H – ITU Resolutions and Recommendations (as contained in the RR) Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010

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Questions/Comments?

Regional Preparatory Seminar on Frequency Spectrum and ITU WRC, Cairo September 2010