 Organization of Matter  Non-living Matter 

Atoms, Ions, and Compounds

 Atoms = smallest unit of elements and are listed on periodic table. The nucleus of an atom is composed of neutrons and protons (+). Electrons (-) exist outside the nucleus. All atoms are isotopes of some other atom that has the same # of protons but a different # of neutrons



Ions = atoms or combinations of atoms that demonstrate an unbalanced electrical charge.

-This happens when the total # of electrons does not equal the total # of protons.

More electrons than protons = neg charge = ANION More protons than electrons = pos charge = CATION Monoatomic ions involve only one atom Polyatomic ions involve more than one atom

Mono- or Poly-

Monoatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions

Ion Symbol

Cl O 2 S 2 Ca 2+ Pb 2+ Hg 2+ NO 2 NO 3 SO 4 2 CO 3 2 PO 4 3-

Name of Ion

Chloride Oxide Sulfide Calcium Lead Mercury Nitrite Nitrate Sulfate Carbonate Phosphate

 Compounds are combinations of atoms held together by ionic or covalent bonds.

 Ionic compounds form when Neg chrg nonmetal combines with an ionic attraction to a Pos chrg metal. Ex. calcium chloride, CaCl 2 .

  Molecules are combinations of nonmetal atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Organic molecules are carbon-based molecules that also contain H, and sometimes O, N, or S

  Molecules are compounds of nonmetals covalently bound together.

Polar molecules contain separation of elec chrg w/in the molecule that helps it to be attracted to ions or other polar molecules.

This causes a slight negative charge near the oxygen and a slight positive charge near the hydrogen.

Ex. Water H solution 2 O polarity of water is strong enough to break apart some ionic compounds which causes them to dissolve, or go into

 A single proton, or hydrogen ion (H are dissolved in it. + ), can be removed from water when some substances   If a substance creates a hydrogen ion when put in water it is called an ACID.

If a substance creates a hydroxide ion (OH ) when it is placed in water, it is called a BASE.

 H + + OH = H 2 O

 The concentration of protons or hydroxide ions in solution is pH. (measuring acidity or alkalinity)  The pH of 7.0 is neutral  The pH of < 7 is acidic  The pH of > 7 is basic  Each whole-number drop in pH represents a 10-fold increase in acidity

 4 states of matter     Solid Liquid Gas Plasma solid liquid vapor (heat) (heat)

 Living Matter p.66

       Cells Tissues and Organ Systems Organisms or Species Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere  Small to broad focus

 Chemical reactions   Changes in the arrangement of molecules Matter cannot be created or destroyed  Once a chemical reaction is complete, equilibrium has been established between the reactants and products  CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 2 H + + HCO 3 -

 A.k.a. Biogeochemical Cycles 

Carbon Cycle

(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) 

Nitrogen Cycle

(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)  Phosphorus Cycle (remains as Phosphate ion throughout the whole cycle – no gaseous phase) (biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) 

Sulfur Cycle

(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) 

Hydrologic Cycle

(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)

 First Law of Thermodynamics  Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change forms  Second Law of Thermodynamics  Transfers of energy decrease the amount of useful energy o o Entropy is the amount of useful energy lost per amount of matter. This disperses as heat and becomes scattered or disordered.

As heat disperses, entropy increases

 Convection  Conduction  Radiation  Efficiency – For any transfer of energy, the amount of energy that is useful from one step to another is considered the efficiency of the transfer. (%)  Ex. Coal-fire power plant derives an amount of electrical energy that is 38% of the total amt of chemical energy stored in coal, so it is considered 38% efficient. The rest of that energy is lost to heat and accounts for the increase in entropy.

 Ecosystems are characterized by how energy is obtained, converted into chemical energy, and transferred from one organism to another.

 Productivity is the amount of biomass that is produced by a community.

  Primary Productivity is the amount of biomass produced by photosynthetic organisms.

Secondary productivity is the amount of biomass produced by organisms that eat photosynthetic organisms.

 Food chains are sequences of organisms that begin with a primary producer and trace the movement of biomass through a series or predator/prey relationships.

 Food webs are interconnecting series of food chains.

  Each step along along the food chain is a trophic level.

Each step only converts about 10% of ingested biomass into biomass available for the next trophic level.

 Water Treatment and the Nitrogen Cycle  Composting Wastes: Combining Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles  Energy Efficiency of Lights

 Miller, G T. Living In the Environment. 13th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, 2004. Print.

 Reel, Kevin R. AP Environmental Science. 2 nd ed. USA: Research and Education Association, 2008. Print.

 Created using MLA Citation Maker on www.oslis.org.