Transcript Unit 7 Feeding the Anthrosphere: Sustainable Feedstocks and Fuels Course Outline and Illustrations Stanley E.

Unit 7
Feeding the Anthrosphere: Sustainable Feedstocks and
Fuels
Course Outline and Illustrations
Stanley E. Manahan
[email protected]
Reference: Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental/Toxicological Chemistry for
Sustainable Chemical Science, Barnes & Noble e-Books and Amazon Kindle, 2011,
or contact the author at [email protected]
Websites pertaining to this and related topics
https://sites.google.com/site/manahan1937/ (Downloadable slides for this course and
for one on Green Chemistry)
https://sites.google.com/site/manahans1/ (Describes courses in Environmental
Chemistry)
https://sites.google.com/site/environmentalchemistry1/ (Information regarding
Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry)
https://sites.google.com/site/manahanse/ (Information pertaining to a course on Green
Science and Technology)
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7.1 Feeding the Anthrosphere
Utilization of Feedstocks
Figure 7.1 (next slide). Illustration of three major categories of
reaction processes by which feedstocks are acted upon by reagents
to produce desired products.
Figure 7.1
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7.2 The Key Feedstock: Abundant Elemental Hydrogen
from Sustainable Sources
7.3 Biological Feedstocks
7.4 Biosynthesis of Feedstocks
Fermentation and Industrial Microbiology
Figure 7.2 (next slide). General outline of an industrial microbiology
process for the synthesis of chemicals such as antibiotics. Details of
this overall scheme may vary depending upon the product made.
Figure 7.2
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7.5 Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization
Figure 7.3 General outline of a biorefinery in which organic
feedstocks and fuels are obtained by the action of microorganisms or
enzymes that depolymerize large biomass molecules, extraction,
hydrogenation, pyrolysis, or gasification of biomass.
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7.6 Monosaccharide Feedstocks: Glucose and Fructose
Figure 7.4. Combined biochemical and chemical synthesis of
catechol using a genetically engineered strain of E. coli bacteria and
chemical decarboxylation of the protocatechuic acid intermediate,
which is sequestered from the reaction medium with a resin.
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7.7 Hydrocarbons and Similar Materials from Sugars
Figure 7.5. Synthesis of dimethylfuran, an organo-oxygen compound
with many of the desirable properties of petroleum hydrocarbons,
from fructose, a carbohydrate produced in abundance by plants.
Figure 7.6. A fermentation process for the production of
hydrocarbons and other organics by biochemically catalyzed reaction
of simple sugars.
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7.8 Cellulose
Feedstocks from cellulose wastes
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Figure 7.7. Segment of the cellulose molecule in which from 1500 to
several thousand anhydroglucose units (glucose molecules less H2O)
are bonded together.
7.9 Lignin
Figure 7.8. Segment of a lignin polymer molecule showing aromatic
character and the disorganized, variable chemical structure that
makes lignin a difficult material to use as a feedstock.
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7.10 Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers
7.11 Bioconversion Processes for Synthetic Chemicals
Production of 5-Cyanovaleramide
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7.12 Feedstocks from the Geosphere
Occupational and Public Health Aspects of Mining
Toxic Hazards of Cyanide in Gold Recovery
7.13 Energy Sources
Figure 7.9. U.S. (left) and world (right) sources of energy as of 2009.
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7.14 Depletable Fossil Fuels
Hydrocarbons from Wells
Toxicological Hazards from Oil and Gas Wells
Fossil Fuels Dug from Below Ground
Coal and Lignite
Coal Conversion
Figure 7.10 (next slide) Products of the conversion of solid coal to
clean gas and hydrocarbon liquids. Gases and liquids can be
obtained from solid coal by pyrolysis, reaction with O2 and steam,
and direct reaction with elemental hydrogen, H2. Further processing
of these gases and liquids can produce methane, synthetic petroleum
hydrocarbons, alcohols, and other products.
Figure 7.10 Coal Conversion
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7.15 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
Fuel from Carbon Dioxide
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Figure 7.11. An Integrated Coal Gasification Plant with
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration
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Biomass Energy
Prolific Production of Biomass from Algae
Fuels from Fermentation of Biomass
Biodiesel Fuel