The mechanisms underlying bronchial hyperreactivity are somehow related to inflammation of airway mucosa. The agents that increase bronchial reactivity, such as ozone exposure,
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Transcript The mechanisms underlying bronchial hyperreactivity are somehow related to inflammation of airway mucosa. The agents that increase bronchial reactivity, such as ozone exposure,
The
mechanisms underlying bronchial
hyperreactivity are somehow related to
inflammation of airway mucosa.
The agents that increase bronchial reactivity,
such as ozone exposure, allergen inhalation,
and infection with respiratory viruses, also
cause airway inflammation.
Its
pathologic characters are contraction of
airway smooth muscle, mucosal thickening
from edema and cellular infiltration, and
inspissation in the airway lumen of
abnormally thick, viscid plugs of mucus.
The products of cells in the airways, such as
eosinophil, lymphocytes, macrophages,
mast cells, sensory nerves, and epithelial
cells, have been shown to alter airway
smooth muscle function.
Asthma
therapies are divided into two
categories: short-term relievers and longterm controllers.
short-term relievers: β-adrenoceptor
stimulants, theophylline, antimuscarinic
agents.
long-term controllers: anti-inflammatory
agents, inhibitor of mast cell degranulation.
Ⅰ. Adrenoceptor agonists
//mechanism
1. Stimulation of β2 receptor in bronchial
smooth muscle cell mb →cAMP →Ca2+↓
→SM relaxation .
2. Also activateβreceptor on mast cell mb. ,
thus used in prophylaxis of allergic
asthma .
3. Stimulation of αreceptor in bronchial
vessels contraction of vascular smooth
muscle edema .
4. The density of β receptor will decrease after
prolonged treatment.
• Adrenaline/epinephrine (肾上腺素):
//agonist of α and β receptor
//adverse effect of cardiovascular system
usually occurs thereby less usable
//s.c. injection
• Ephedrine (麻黄碱)
//orally administered
//similar action to Adr.
//less usable for central excitation
• Isoproterenol (异丙肾上腺素)
//agonist of β1&β2 receptor
//no action on α receptor
//used for acute attack of bronchoasthma
by inspiration route
//orally ineffective
//involved in adverse effect of β1 receptor
excitation.
Selectively β2 receptor agonist
Salbutamol (沙丁胺醇,舒喘灵)
Terbutaline (特布他林,博利康尼)
Clenbuterol (克仑特罗)
The β2-Selective adrenoceptor agonist drugs
are the most widely used sympathomimetics for
the treatment of asthma at the present time.
//Mechanism : Air way smooth muscle has
little sympathetic nervous supply
but contain lots of ß2-adrenoceptors
that respond to circulating adrenaline.
The stimulation of ß2-receptors leads
to a rise in intracellular cAMP levels
and the subsequent bronchial smooth
muscle relaxation
They
are effective after inhaled or oral
administration and have a long duration of
action and significant β2 selectivity.
Given
by inhalation , these agents cause
bronchodilation equivalent to that produced
by isoproterenol.
ß2-adrenoceptor agonist may also help
to prevent the activation of mast cell
in a minor degree .
Modern selective ß2-receptor agonists
are potent bronchodilators and have
very few ß1 -stimulating properties.
//Route of administration :
• usually delivered via a metered dose
inhaler with immediate effect
• orally used in children
• iv used for acute-care.
• S.C. (terbutaline)
//Adverse effect :
cardiac arrhythmias
tolerance to ß agonist
hypoxemia
Ⅱ.Theophylline :
derivatives of methylxanthine
• The importance of theophylline as a
therapeutic agent in the treatment of asthma
has waned .
• But theophylline's very low cost is
important advantage for economically
disadvantaged patients .
They are divided into two types :
1. Salt complex :
increased water solubility without
augmentation of pharmacological
action , such as :
aminophylline(氨茶碱)
choline theophylline(胆茶碱)
2. Agent of delayed release :
small fluctuation of blood concentration
after oral administration
thus used for nocturnal attact of asthma
protheo (优喘平)
//Mechanism :
• Anti-inflammation
• inhibit activity of PDE cAMP
Ca 2+
bronchial relaxation
• increase the release of NA, Adr
• inhibition the cell surface receptor of adenosine
• interfere with the transportation of Ca 2+
//pharmacodynamics
The bronchodilation is the major therapeutic action
in asthma.
Potent effects in improving contractility and in
reversing fatigue of diaphragm in patients with
chronic obstructive lung diseases.
Direct positive chronotropic and inotropic effects
on the heart.
In large doses, these agents also relax vascular
smooth muscle.
//Administration route : orally effective
but different from adrenergic agent for
metabolism by P450 enzyme system
//Indications :
• Bronchial asthma (+βreceptor agonist)
•Chronic obstructive lung diseases
•Cardiogenic asthma
•Sleep apenea syndrom
//Adverse effect :
it has a narrow therapeutic window and its
therapeutic and toxic effects are related to its
plasma concentration.
<20mg/L : nausea, vomiting, headache,
anxiety, abdominal discomfort
20-40mg/L: arrhythmia
Ⅲ. Muscarinic antagonist :
Ipratropium bromide (异丙托溴铵)
Ipratropine(异丙托品)
//Mehanism :
act by blocking muscarinic receptors
esp. the M3 subtype , which responds
to this parasympathetic bronchial
constrictor tone .
//Route of administration :
metered dose inhaler
//Indication :
used as adjuncts to ß2-adrenoceptor
agonist in treatment of asthma and more
effective in vagus-induced asthma .
//Therapeutic note :
synergism when administered with
ß2-adrenoceptor agonist.
Ⅳ. Anti-inflammatory drug
Glucocorticoids include :
beclomethasone (倍氯米松)
budesonide(布地奈德)
//Mechanism :
depress the inflammatory response in
bronchial mucosa thus diminish bronchial
hyperresponsiveness.
Anti-inflammatory
effect
Immunosuppressive
Increase
Inhibit
effect
the response to catecholamines
the activity of PDE
Adenoceptor-upregulation
//Route of administration :
• orally
i.v
used for : severe asthma
status asthmaticus
• metered dose inhaler
//Indications :
Because of the efficacy and safety of inhaled
corticosteroids, they are now routinely prescribed
for patients who require more than occasional
inhalations of β agonist for relief of symptom.
// Adverse effect:
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
it can be reduced by having patients
gargle water and spit after each inhaled
treatment.
Hoarseness
Ⅴ. Anti-allergic agents
i.e. mast-cell-stabilizers
cromolyn sodium (色甘酸钠)
//Mechanism :
They appear to stabilize antigen-sensitized
mast cell by reducing calcium influx and
subsequent release of inflammatory
mediators .
On
mast cells, for inhibition of the early
response to antigen challenge
On
eosinophils, for inhibition of the
inflammatory response to inhalation of
allergens
// Route of administration :
metered dose inhaler of cromoly sodium
// Indications :
pretreatment with cromolyn blocks the
bronchoconstriction caused by antigen
inhalation ,by exercise, by aspirin, and by
a variety of cause of occupational asthma.
// Adverse effect
Throat
irritation
Cough
Mouth
dryness
Chest tightness and so forth