Re-creating the Big Bang Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider Albert Einstein Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT) Ernest Walton.
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Re-creating the Big Bang Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider Albert Einstein Dr Cormac O’ Raifeartaigh (WIT) Ernest Walton Overview I What II Why III How IV A brief history of atoms V Expectations I The Large Hadron Collider A particle accelerator ‘Atom smasher’ Particles created Detected LHC at CERN, Geneva How High speed proton beams Opposite directions - collisions Huge energy of collision Create short-lived particles Detection and measurement E = mc2 HOW 27 km Energy: 14 TeV Low temp: 1.6 K Ultra high vacuum Why Explore fundamental constituents of matter Investigate forces that hold matter together Glimpse of early universe Highest energy since BB Are the forces of the universe related ? Newton’s gravity •Planet orbits due to gravity •Gravity caused by sun’s mass F G Mm r2 •Terrestrial gravity due to earth’s mass Newton (1642-1727) Four forces of nature Force of gravity Holds cosmos together Long range Electromagnetic force Holds atoms together Strong nuclear force: holds nucleus together The atom Weak nuclear force: radioactivity A brief history of atoms Democritus (600 BC): Dalton (19th ct): chemical reactions matter made of atoms Mendeleev (19th ct): A brief history of atoms Maxwell (19th ct): Einstein: (1905): Perrin (1908): Einstein atomic theory of gases Brownian motion due to atoms? verified Brownian motion Perrin The atomic nucleus •Most projectiles through •A few deflected backwards •Atom has nucleus •Electrons outside Rutherford (1911) Nuclear model of the atom Atom •Nucleus (+ve): •Electrons (-ve): orbiting •Force: electromagnetic Nucleus •Protons (1909) •Nucleus (1911) •Neutrons (1932)? n N Nuclear force: stronger than electromagnetic? Splitting the nucleus Cockcroft and Walton: particle accelerator Particles used to split the nucleus (1932) H + Li = He + He Verified mass-energy (E= mc2) Verified quantum tunnelling Nobel prize (1956) Nuclear fission Meitner, Hahn: nuclear fission Energy released •Chain reaction •Nuclear bomb •Nuclear power •Nuclear power stations New particles Cosmic rays New particle accelerators cyclotron Particle Zoo Over 100 particles The quark model New periodic table New fundamental particle Proton not fundamental Inner structure Symmetry arguments Quarks Murray Gellmann Quarks and leptons Six different quarks (u,d,s,c,t,b) Six leptons (e, μ, τ, υe, υμ, υτ) Particles of matter: fermions Two extra generations The Standard Model Matter: leptons and quarks Force carriers: bosons EM + weak = electroweak Strong force = quark force Higgs field Particle masses Higgs boson LHC: expectations Higgs boson 120-180 GeV Set by mass of top quark, Z boson Explain masses for other particles Beyond the standard model Unification of 3 forces Grand unified theory Supersymmetry Supersymmetric particles? Unification of 4 forces Theory of everything String theory Extra dimensions LHC and cosmology LHC = photo of early U √ 1. Exotic particles √ 2. Unification of forces 3. Nature of dark matter? 4. Missing antimatter? 3. Summary Higgs boson Close chapter on SM Supersymmetric particles Open chapter on unification WIMPS Explain Dark Matter Unexpected particles Revise theory Epilogue: CERN Organization for Nuclear research World centre for particle physics 20 member states 10 associate states Ireland not a member No particle physics in Ireland