Transcript South Asia Regional Child Poverty Network Meeting Venue TBD, 7-9 May 2008 ‘Child Poverty and Disparities Study’ Country Progress Raj Gautam Mitra and Preet Rustagi.

South Asia Regional Child
Poverty Network Meeting
Venue TBD, 7-9 May 2008
‘Child Poverty and Disparities
Study’ Country Progress
Raj Gautam Mitra and Preet Rustagi
Number of births (in millions) 2001 -2026
Number of births (in
million)
30.0
26.1
25.8
25.4
24.9
25.0
24.1
22.4
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
2026
Year
Source : Population projections 2001-2026, Office f the RGI
India’s progress is key to achieving MDGs
Percentage
Child population (< 5)
Child deaths (< 5)
20
21
35
Children underweight (< 5)
Maternal deaths
Population not using improved sanitation
23
27
India is not likely to achieve MDG 4
IMR trends in India
57
290 thousand
Infant deaths
440 thousand
Infant deaths
45
27
SRS
Percentage of children in different quintiles of MPCE class
Percentage of children age 0-14 years
in the total population 33 percent
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
45.3
39.5
34.6
29.4
21.6
Lowest
quintile
Second
quintile
Third quintile Fourth quintlie
Highest
quintile
Percenatge of children
Source : NSSO 61st round survey and RGI
Health Deprived
IMR in states
2006
52
50
44
23
43
57
37
40
33
71
67
67
60
53
20
11
49
74
38
36
25
53
61
28
73
35
35
56
15
48
28
25
37
31
15
SRS
Nutrition deprived
25.6
36.5
24.9
38
39.6
26.1
32.5
19.7
42.4
39.9
55.9
56.5
60
48.8
38.7
22.1
39.6
19.9
44.6
47.1
40.7
37
32.5
25
37.6
22.9
36.4 25.2
29.8
NFHS 2005-2006
Sanitation deprived
61.7
46.4
70.8
56.8
52.4
92.4
80.6
89
33.1
30.8
25.2
22.6
27
71.3
59.6
95.6
96.7
98
54.6
18.7
19.3
52.9
42.4
76
46.5
96.1
76.4 85.6
42.9
NFHS 2005-2006
A child born in the poorest household is three times
as likely to die before s(he) reaches her/his fifth birthday
compared to a child born in the richest household
120
100.5
100
80
60
70.4
48.4
40
33.8
29.2
22.0
20
0
Neonatal mortality
Infant mortality
Lowest quintile
Under-five mortality rate
Highest quintile
NFHS 3
The disparity in provision of health service is evident.
A child living in the richest 20 % household is three times likely to get
all the recommended vaccinations as compared to a child living in
the poorest 20% household
Full immunization rates by various background characteristics
71.0
57.6
53.8
40.7
39.7
38.6
31.3
24.4
Rural
Urban
Residence
SC
ST
OBC
Social group
Others
Lowest
Highest
Wealth Index
NFHS
Education deprived
Musahars in
Bihar and UP
Population
2.1 million
Female literacy rate
3.9%
Children (5-14 years) attending school 9.8%
Census 2001
Research processes
•
Input into the 11th Five Year plan (2007-12) process started in 2006;
opportunity for UNICEF to build a cross-sectoral dialogue with planners to
look at overall policy environment and well-being of children
•
Study to contribute to wider discourse within which sectoral policy and
programming takes place;
•
Study to deepen focus on interconnections between livelihoods, expansion
of economic opportunities and human development outcomes for children
•
Study preparation began in March 2008. Focus is first on collecting data
and policy information, before the second stage analytical work
•
UNICEF-IHD partnership to carry out the research, analysis, report
preparation and dissemination to jointly reach a wide audience
•
Advisory Group will be put in place in July, under stewardship of new
Representative, and with government participation to guide the analytical
work
Concepts and methodology
• Developing a coherent account of child poverty from
macro, household and individual perspectives is both an
opportunity and a challenge
• India’s size and diversity defies generalisation, and so
analysis must be context-specific for the report to be
relevant and useful at the state and national levels
• Focus on social exclusion
• Focus on overall country data plus statistical data
analysis for 16 largest states
• For policy methodology though focus on national
frameworks and programmes (with some reflection of
state-specific innovations, if and where relevant)
Data collection and processing
• India has one of the richest sources of
secondary information.
– NFHS; Census; NSSO and so on
– Except from Census, generating absolute numbers a
challenge
– Especially from NFHS, which is a sample based
dataset
– Wherever possible, we should use percentages and
proportions
– Country too large, major states also need to be
considered
Data analysis
• Child poverty and deprivations – two
separate aspects
• Poverty a household concept, therefore
children in poor households considered
• Deprivations – a larger set, encompassing
education, health, shelter, sanitation,
water, and so on
• All analysis has the potential to inform
national development policy processes
Policy advocacy
• Value-added of this study is seen as opportunity to
broaden approach from “technical/sectoral” to wider
understanding of human development and children
• Particular value-add is the opportunity to discuss childfriendly and inclusive social protection as a framework to
draw together sectoral challenges (as poor and socially
excluded groups bear significant burden of policy
weaknesses in the social and economic sectors)
• Bring children more forcefully into centre of policy
discussions on growth and human development
• Emphasize importance of multi-sectoral and coordinated
actions for children
• Bring discussions on child-friendly and inclusive social
protection into development dialogue
Programming
• Internal cross-section group will be constituted to review
the analysis in parallel with the formal advisory group
• Study would provide important pointers about the
interlinkages between different MDGs and different
sectoral goals, as well as the importance of
strengthening anti-poverty/social protection measures to
leverage them better for children’s well-being
• By helping build analytical evidence-based clarity on
these linkages, internal process will also be steered
towards a discussion on mechanisms and ways to
strengthen the links between FA 1-4 and FA 5.
Communication and advocacy
strategy
•
•
•
•
•
High-profile national launch
Public discussions and dissemination workshops in states where
UNICEF has an active policy and programme presence
Policy briefs and other shorted outputs planned, e.g. one for each key
recommendation
7 technical papers commissioned to cover issues such as child friendly:
poverty measures, legislative frameworks, social protection, urban
planning, macro-economic growth strategies will be published as a
stand-alone series to accompany the report launch and will be used as
background papers for the report
Shorter opinion pieces from leading practitioners, thinkers and policy
makers are to be commissioned, covering issues such as: children’s
aspirations, emerging public health issues, street children, mental
health, governance, right to food, early childhood education, child
sexual abuse and approaches to discipline in the private and public
domains – for use in report and as op-eds in and around the time of the
report’s publication
Questions
• Correlations and Odds Ratios - ? How
essential
• Sample size relevant in case of survey
data, not in the context of secondary data
• If data is to be internationally comparable..