Transcript Chapter 25 Money Creation • Key Concepts • Summary • Practice Quiz • Internet Exercises ©2000 South-Western College Publishing.

Chapter 25
Money Creation
• Key Concepts
• Summary
• Practice Quiz
• Internet Exercises
©2000 South-Western College Publishing
1
In this chapter, you will
learn to solve these
economic puzzles:
Exactly
how
is
money
What
areisthe
major
tools the
Why
there
nothing
created
in
the
economy?
Federal
Reserve
uses
to
‘federal’
about
the
That
is,
how
does
the
control
the supply
of
money?
federal
funds
rate?
money supply increase?
2
In the Middle Ages, what
was used for Money?
Gold was the money
of choice in most
European nations
3
Who were the
Founders of our
Modern-day Banking?
Goldsmiths, people
who would keep other
people’s gold safe for
a service charge
4
What was the first
Currency?
People would use the
receipts they received from
goldsmiths as paper money
5
How did the early
Goldsmiths act as the
First Banks?
Some goldsmiths made
loans and received
interest for more gold
than the actual gold held
in their vaults
6
What is Fractional
Reserve Banking?
A system in which banks
keep only a percentage
of their deposits on
reserve as vault cash and
deposits at the Fed
7
What are
Required Reserves?
The minimum balance that
the Fed requires a bank to
hold in vault cash or on
deposit with the Fed
8
What is a
Required Reserve Ratio?
The percentage of deposits
that the Fed requires a
bank to hold in vault cash
or on deposit with the Fed
9
What are
Excess Reserves?
Potential loan balances held
in vault cash or on deposit
with the Fed in excess of
required reserves
10
Typical Bank - Balance Sheet 1
Assets
Liabilities
Required
Reserves
$5 million
Excess
Reserves
Loans
0
$45 million
Total
$50 million
Checkable $50 million
Deposits
Total
$50 million
Note: The Fed requires the bank to keep
10% of its checkable deposits in reserve.
11
What are
Total Reserves?
Total Reserves = required
reserves + excess reserves
12
Required Reserve Ratio of the Fed
Type of Deposit
Required Reserve
Ratio
Checkable deposits
0 - $46.5 million
Over $46.5 million
3%
10%
Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin,
April 1999, Table 1.15, p. A8
13
Best National Bank - Balance Sheet 2
Assets
Required
Reserves
$10,000
Excess
Reserves
+$90,000
Total
$100,000
Liabilities
 in M1
Brad Rich $100,000
Account
0
Total
$100,000
Note: The Fed requires the bank to keep
10% of its checkable deposits in reserve.
14
Best National Bank - Balance Sheet 3
Assets
Liabilities
Required
Reserves
$19,000 Brad Rich $100,000
Excess
Reserves
$81,000 Connie Jones +$90,000
 in M1
Account
Account
Loans
+$90,000
Total
$190,000
Total
$90,000
$190,000
Note: The Fed requires the bank to keep
10% of its checkable deposits in reserve.
15
Best National Bank - Balance Sheet 4
Assets
Required
Reserves
Liabilities
$10,000 Brad Rich $100,000
Account
Excess
Reserves
0
Loans
$90,000
Total
$100,000
Connie Jones
Account
 in M1
0
0
$100,000
Note: The Fed requires the bank to keep
10% of its checkable deposits in reserve.
16
Yazoo Bank - Balance Sheet 5
Assets
Liabilities
Required
Reserves
+$9,000
Excess
Reserves
+$81,000
Total
$90,000
Better Health
Span Account
+$90,000
Total
$90,000
Note: The Fed requires the bank to keep
10% of its checkable deposits in reserve.
17
Expansion of the Money Supply
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Bank
Increase in
Deposits
Increase in
Excess
Reserves
$10,000
9,000
8,100
7,290
6,561
5,905
5,314
$90,000
81,000
72,900
65,610
59,049
53,144
47,830
478,297
47,830
430,467
$1,000,000
$100,000
$900,000
Best Nat’l Bank $100,000
Yazoo Nat’l Bank 90,000
Bank A
81,000
Bank B
72,900
Bank C
65,610
59,049
Bank D
Bank E
53,144
Total all other banks
Total increase
Increase in
Required
Reserves
18
What is the
Money Multiplier?
The maximum change in the
money supply due to an
initial change in the excess
reserves banks hold
19
What is the Money
Multiplier equal to?
1 / required reserve ratio
20
Actual money supply change
 M1 = ER x m
Initial change in excess reserves
Money multiplier
21
Can the Multiplier be
smaller than indicated?
Yes, because of cash
leakages and the chance
that banks will not use
all of their excess
reserves to make loans
22
What would the Fed do if
we had Inflation?
Decrease the money supply
What would the Fed do if
we had unemployment?
Increase the money supply
23
What is Monetary Policy?
The Fed’s use of • open market operations
•  in discount rate
•  in required reserve ratio
24
What are Open
Market Operations?
The buying and selling of
government securities by
the Federal Reserve System
25
Federal Reserve System - Balance Sheet 6
Assets
Government
securities
Loans to banks
Other assets
Total
Liabilities
$472
1
75
$548
Fed notes
$492
Deposits
34
Other liabilities
and net worth
22
Total
$548
Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin, April 1999, Table 1.18, p. A10
26
Federal Reserve Bank - Balance Sheet 7
Initial 
in M1
Government +$100,000 Reserves of +$100,000 +$100,000
Assets
securities
Liabilities
Best Nat’l
bank
Note: The Fed conducted open market
operations in order to increase the
money supply by purchasing $100,000
in government securities.
27
Federal Reserve Bank - Balance Sheet 8
Initial 
in M1
Government -$100,000 Reserves of -$100,000 -$100,000
Assets
securities
Liabilities
Best Nat’l
bank
Note: The Fed conducted open market
operations in order to decrease the
money supply by selling $100,000 in
government securities.
28
Fed
$
$
Banks
$
$
Fed sells government
securities and banks
loose reserves
Fed buys government
securities and banks
gain reserves
Public
29
What is the
Discount Rate?
The interest rate the
Fed charges on loans
of reserves to banks
30
What would the Fed do if
we have Inflation?
A higher discount rate
discourages banks from
borrowing reserves and
making loans
31
What would the Fed do if
we have Unemployment?
A lower discount rate
encourages banks to
borrow reserves and
make more loans
32
What is the Federal
Funds Market?
A private market in
which banks lend
reserves to each other
for less than 24 hours
33
What is the Federal
Funds Rate?
The interest rate banks
charge for overnight
loans to other banks
34
What would the Fed do if
we had Inflation?
A higher federal funds rate
discourages banks from
borrowing reserves and
making loans
35
What would the Fed do if
we had Unemployment?
A lower federal funds
rate encourages banks
to borrow reserves and
make more loans
36
What is a Required
Reserve Requirement?
The Fed determines how
much a financial
institution must keep in
reserve as a percentage of
its total assets
37
What is the Required
Reserve Ratio?
That percentage the Fed
stipulates that financial
institutions must keep in
reserve to meet its
reserve requirement
38
If the Reserve Ratio
is one tenth, what is
the multiplier?
1  1/10 = 10
39
If the Reserve Ratio is
one twentieth, what is
the multiplier?
1  1/20 = 20
40
What would the Fed do
if we had Inflation?
Increase the reserve ratio
What would the Fed do if
we had Unemployment?
Decrease the reserve ratio
41
Is changing the Reserve
Ratio a popular
Monetary Tool?
No, changing the reserve
ratio is considered a heavyhanded approach and is
thus infrequently used
42
What are the
Shortcomings of
Monetary Policy?
• Money multiplier inaccuracy
• Nonbanks
• Which money definition
should the Fed control?
• Lag effects
43
Key Concepts
44
Key Concepts
• Who were the Founders of our Modernday Banking?
• What is Fractional Reserve Banking?
• What are Required Reserves?
• What is a Required Reserve Ratio?
• What are Excess Reserves?
• What are Total Reserves?
• What is the Money Multiplier?
• What is the Money Multiplier equal to?
45
Key Concepts cont.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What is Monetary Policy?
What are Open Market Operations?
What is the Discount Rate?
What is the Federal Funds Rate?
What is a Required Reserve Requirement?
What is the Required Reserve Ratio?
What are the Shortcomings of Monetary
Policy?
46
Summary
47
Fractional reserve banking, the
basis of banking today, originated with
the goldsmiths in the Middle Ages.
Because depository institutions
(banks) are not required to keep all
their deposits in vault cash or with the
Federal Reserve, banks create money
by making loans.
48
Required reserves are the
minimum balance that the Fed
requires a bank to hold in vault
cash or on deposit with the Fed.
The percentage of deposits that
must be held as required reserves
is called the required reserve ratio.
49
Excess reserves exist when a
bank has more reserves than
required. Excess reserves allow a
bank to create money by exchanging
loans for deposits. Money is reduced
when excess reserves are reduced
and loans are repaid.
50
The money multiplier is used to
calculate the maximum change
(positive or negative) in checkable
deposits (money supply) due to a
change in excess reserves. As a
formula:
$ multiplier = 1/required reserve ratio.
51
Monetary policy is action
taken by the Fed to change the
money supply. The Fed uses three
basic tools: (1) open market
operations, (2) changes in the
discount rate and (3) changes in
the required reserve ratio.
52
Open-market operations are the
buying and selling of government
securities by the Fed through its
trading desk at the New York
Federal Reserve Bank. Buying
government securities creates extra
bank reserves and loans, thereby
expanding the money supply. Selling
government securities reduces bank
reserves and loans, thereby
contracting the money supply.
53
Fed
$
$
Banks
$
$
Fed sells government
securities and banks
loose reserves
Fed buys government
securities and banks
gain reserves
Public
54
Changes in the discount rate occur
when the Fed changes the rate of
interest it charges on loans of reserves
to banks. Dropping the discount rate
makes it easier for banks to borrow
reserves from the Fed and expands the
money supply. Raising the discount rate
discourages banks from borrowing
reserves from the Fed and contracts the
money supply.
55
Changes in the required reserve
ratio and the size of the money
multiplier are inversely related. Thus, if
the Fed decreases the required reserve
ratio the money multiplier and money
supply increase. If the Fed increases the
required reserve ratio the money
multiplier and money supply decrease.
56
Monetary policy limitations include
the following: (1) The money multiplier
can vary. (2) Nonbanks, such as
insurance companies, finance
companies, and Sears, can offer loans
and other financial services not directly
under the Fed’s control. (3) The Fed
might control M1 while the public can
shift funds to M2, M3, or another
money supply definition. (4) Time lags
occur.
57
Chapter 25 Quiz
©2000 South-Western College Publishing
58
1. If a bank has total deposits of $100,000
with $10,000 set aside to meet reserve
requirements of the Fed, its required
reserve ratio is
a. $10,000.
b. 10 percent.
c. 0.1 percent.
d. 1 percent.
B. Required reserve ratio = required
deposits  total deposits x 100 =
$10,000  $100,000 x 100
59
2. Assume a simplified banking system in which
all banks are subject to a uniform required
reserve ratio of 30 percent and demand deposits
are the only form of money. A bank that
receives a new deposit of $10,000 is able to
extend new loans up to a maximum of
a. $3,000.
b. $7,000.
c. $10,000.
d. $30,000.
B. Excess reserves can be loaned. Excess reserves
= total reserves - required reserves = $10,000 (0.3 x $10,000) = $10,000 - $3,000 = $7,000
60
3. The Best National Bank operates with a 10
percent required reserve ratio. One day a
depositor withdraws $400 from his or her
checking account at the bank. As a result, the
bank’s excess reserves
a. fall by $400.
b. fall by $360.
c. fall by $40.
d. rise by $400.
B. Excess reserves = total reserves required reserves = -$400 - (0.10 x $400)
= -$400 + $40 = -$360
61
4. If an increase of $100 in excess reserves in
a simplified banking system can lead to a
total expansion in bank deposits of $400,
the required reserve ratio must be
a. 40 percent.
b. 400 percent.
c. 25 percent.
d. 4 percent.
e. 2.5 percent.
C. $ multiplier =  in bank deposits 
initial  in excess reserves = 400  $100 =
4 = 1  required reserve ratio = 1 
money multiplier x 100.
62
5. In a simplified banking system in which all
banks are subject to a 25% required reserve
ratio, a $1,000 open sale by the Fed would cause
the money supply to
a. increase by $1,000.
b. decrease by $1,000.
c. decrease by $4,000.
d. increase by $4,000.
C. Money supply change ( M1) = initial  in
excess reserves x money multiplier (MM).
MM = 1  required reserve ratio = 1  25/100 = 4 .
 M1 = $1,000 x 4 = -$4,000.
63
6. In a simplified banking system in which all
banks are subject to a 20% required reserve
ratio, a $1,000 open market purchase by the
Fed would cause the money supply to
a. increase by $100.
b. decrease by $200.
c. decrease by $5,000.
d. increase by $5,000.
D. Money supply change ( M1) = initial
change in excess reserves x money
multiplier (MM)
MM = 1  required reserve ratio = 1  20/100
=5
 M1 = $1,000 x 5 = $5,000.
64
7. The cost to a member bank of borrowing
from the Federal Reserve is measured by the
a. reserve requirement.
b. price of securities in the open market.
c. discount rate.
d. yield on government bonds.
C. The Fed provides a discount window at each
of the Federal Reserve districts banks to
make loans of reserves to banks and change
an interest rate called the discount rate.
65
Exhibit 5
Balance Sheet of Best National Bank
Assets
Liabilities
Required Reserves
$
Checkable
deposits
$100,000
Excess Reserves
Loans
80,000
Total
$100,000
Total
$100,000
66
8. The required reserve ratio in Exhibit 5 is
a. 10%.
b. 15%.
c. 20%.
d. 25%.
C. Excess reserves = total reserves required reserves = $80,000 = $100,000 required reserves = $20,000
Required reserve ratio = required deposits
 total deposits = $20,000  $100,000 x
100 = 20%
67
9. If the bank in Exhibit 5 received $100,000 in
new deposits, its new required reserves would
be
a. $10,000.
b. $20,000.
c. $30,000.
d. $40,000.
B. Required reserves = required reserve ratio
x new deposits = .20 x $100,000 = $20,000
68
10. Suppose Brad Jones deposits $1,000 in the
bank shown in Exhibit 5. The result would
be
a. a $200 increase in excess reserves.
b. a $200 increase in required reserves.
c. a $1,200 increase in required reserves.
d. zero change in required reserves.
B. Required reserves = required reserve
ratio x new deposits = .20 x $1,000 = $200
69
11. If all banks in the system are identical to
Best National Bank in Exhibit 5. A $1,000
open market sale by the Fed would
a. 5.
b. 10.
c. 15.
d. 20.
A. Money multiplier = 1  required
reserve ratio = 1  20/100 = 5
70
12. Assume all banks in the system are identical
to Best National Bank in Exhibit 5. A $1,000
open market sale by the Fed would
a. expand the money supply by $1,000.
b. expand the money supply by $15,000.
c. contract the money supply by $1,000.
d. contract the money supply by $5,000.
D. Money supply change ( M1) = initial
change in excess reserves x money
multiplier (MM)
MM = 1  required reserve ratio = 1  20/100
=5
 M1 = $1,000 x 5 = -$5,000.
71
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