Transcript Gender indicators in policy making, monitoring and evaluation: A World Bank perspective SULEKHA PATEL THE WORLD BANK.

Gender indicators in policy making,
monitoring and evaluation:
A World Bank perspective
SULEKHA PATEL
THE WORLD BANK
Outline of presentation
 Elements of gender equality
 Advance gender equality: business case
 How does the Bank measure progress?

MDGs

Prospective MDG indicators

Gender Action Plan
Key Elements of Gender Equality
Leveling the field of
opportunities
Gender equality in rights, resources, and voice
Household
Household
resource
and task
allocations,
fertility
decisions
Economy &
Markets
Society
Access to
land, financial
services, labor
markets,
technology
Civic and
political
participation
Aggregate economic performance
(poverty reduction, growth)
Domains
of
choices,
domains
for
policy
Framework :
Key Elements of Gender Equality
Ties together key elements of gender equality*
 In the household: increased gender equality between men and women
changes the allocation of HH expenditures, resulting in a larger share of
resources devoted to children’s education and health.
 In the market: gender inequality is reflected in unequal access to land,
credit, and labor markets, and in significantly less access to new
production technologies.
 In society: gender inequality is expressed as restrictions to women’s
participation in civic and political life.
 In addition to improving individuals’ lives, increased gender equality
can contribute to better aggregate economic performance.
*Source – WB Global Monitoring Report 2007
Advance Gender Equality:
business case
 Countries are falling behind their commitment to meet the
MDGs
 Gains in women’s economic opportunities lag behind those
on women’s capabilities
 Lack of women’s empowerment:

Imperils growth and poverty reduction

Less favourable education and health outcomes for children

Rapid spread of HIV/AIDS
How does the Bank measure progress?
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Official Indicators
Target 3A:
Eliminate gender
disparities in
primary and
secondary
education,
preferably by
2005, and in all
levels of education
by no later than
2015
Household
Ratio of girls’ to
boys’
enrollment in
primary,
secondary, and
tertiary
education
Economy and
market
Share of
women in
wage employment in the
nonagricultural
sector
Society
Proportion of
seats held by
women in
national
parliament
MDG3 Effect on Other MDGs
Gender equality and women’s empowerment are
channels to attaining other MDGs —

universal primary education (MDG2A),

lower under-five mortality (MDG4A),

improved maternal health (MDG5A and B),

lower likelihood of contracting HIV/AIDS (MDG6A),

Reduce biodiversity loss (MDG7B).
Limitations of the Official MDG3 Indicators
 Only partially measure gender equality
 Do not monitor key elements of gender equality (health outcomes and
disparities in access to productive resources such as land, credit, and
technology)
 Inadequate measurement of empowerment
 National-level indicators can veil inequalities between particular
subgroups
How does the Bank measure progress?
Prospective MDG 3 Indicators
Household
Economy and markets
Society
Test scores, male and
female
Gender gap in wages
Percentage voting by male,
female, and ratio
Proportion of women who
have ever been victims of
physical violence by an
intimate male partner
Share of women in informal wage and
self-employment in nonagricultural
employment
Proportion of women in the
executive branch
Percent of employed women who have
access to child care
Percentage of individuals who
possess basic citizenship
documents, female, and ratio
Business by average size and sex of
owner
Access to credit for women and men
Land ownership by female, male, and
jointly held
The Gender Action Plan Framework
• Addresses directly the gap between women’s capabilities
and economic opportunities
• Makes markets work for women
–
Identifies and implements policy measures to level playing field for
women and improve policy and institutional environment for women
• Empowers women to compete in the markets
• Four markets have been identified:
– Product; Land; Labour; and Financial
The Gender Action Plan Framework:
Product Market
Policy level
 Form women’s business,




purchasing, and transport
associations
Increase access to business
services for women
entrepreneurs
Increase access to ICT
Increase access to credit and
financial services
Provide business start-up
grants
Agency level
 Reduce time and monetary
costs of formalising enterprises
 Include female-owned business
and farms in supply chains
 Provide information to women
entrepreneurs on potential
export markets and trade
agreements
The Gender Action Plan Framework:
Land Market
Policy level
 Conduct social marketing of
property rights legislation
 Solicit women’s input into
legislative changes on land
holding and titling
 Ensure women’s full
participation in land
adjudication and registration
processes
 Involve women and groups in
local natural resource
management
Agency level
 Promote joint titling
 Reform laws restricting
women’s right to inherit or own
land
 Co-ordinate titling with such
support services as credit and
training
The Gender Action Plan Framework:
Labour Market
Policy level
Agency level
 Increase women’s access to
 Introduce legislation promoting
existing training programmes
 Ensure non-discrimination in
labour intermediation services
 Provide quality day care and
reduce their services
women’s employment (parttime work and antidiscrimination)
 Socialise costs of maternity
leave
 Certify good gender practices in
firms
 Engender public works
programmes
The Gender Action Plan Framework:
Financial Markets
Policy level
Agency level
 Support self help groups
 Reform financial institutions to
 Provide gender-sensitive
increase women’s access to
financial services
 Reform laws regarding rights to
property
 Offer commercial credit lines
and financial services for
women
business services
 Provide market-based financial
intermediation services
Access to what?
Financial institutions and services
Barriers to access: Involuntary exclusion for users of formal
financial services
Price and non-price barriers associated with deposit,
credit and payment services:
 Physical access

Services being delivered in fewer and less convenient
ways
 Eligibility
 Documents and other requirements to process services
 Affordability
 Fees (insufficient income, high risk)
 Discrimination
Barriers to access: Voluntary exclusion for users of formal
financial services
 Voluntary self exclusion:
 No need


Cultural/religious reasons


Particularly older individuals
May be due to lack of appropriate products
Indirect access
Infrastructure
 Infrastructure increases women’s access to all four markets
 Need to look at infrastructure in a gendered way
 Women’s priorities are closely linked to their roles in and out of the
household
 Different from, or in additional to, the priorities of men
 Potential impacts
 Direct impact on women’s health and well-being
 Transmit benefits to other members of family



Health
Education
Mixed evidence on labour force participation
Infrastructure modules
Modules will show value-added in gendered approach to
infrastructure, and indicators for tracking progress
Modules available:

Water and sanitation

Urban

Transport

Mining

Energy

ICT
Example of indicators for mining sector
Employment
 Percentage of supervisory positions held by women in mining
companies
 Percentage of managerial positions held by women in mining
companies
 Ratio of pay for women and men for the same type of work in mining
companies
Impact
 Percentage of women who report that access to clean water has been
reduced
 Number of water related illnesses reported at the local health center
The Gender Action Plan:
How does it work?
 Produce observable results in reasonable time frame
 Tailor actions to country realities+
 Strengthen statistics on women’s economic participation:

Essential for making their contributions to the economy visible

Essential for measuring results
Thank you