CRANES, SLINGS, & YOU They can do a lot of work

CRANES, SLINGS, & YOU They can do a lot of damage

Idle Cranes

Cranes that have been idle, must be inspected and tested before being placed back in service using the criteria that applies to periodic inspection. Special attention should be given to the hook, lifting chain and wire rope.

Review the manufacturers specific inspection requirements!

Altered Cranes

Cranes that have been altered or repaired must be inspected and tested. If load sustaining parts are altered or repaired, a load test should be conducted to verify the rated load capacity of the crane. Report issued by a qualified person and kept on file.

Load Testing

When load testing, the test load cannot exceed 125 percent of the rated load. Hoists & cranes should be operated a number of times at various positions. Report issued by testing organization giving the conditions under which system was load tested.

Preventive Maintenance

1. Clean & lube wire rope & chain 2. Adjusting brakes 3. Checking & filling gear cases levels 4. Replacing any contaminated oils 5. Lube bearings, gears, pinions, linkages, & shafts 6. Adjusting operation of limit switches 7. Clean & replace pitted/burned electrical contacts 8. Cleaning or replacing air & fluid filters 9. Inspecting all controls & warning systems

General Pre-Op Test

1. Disconnects are known before any test 2.

Get help if you’re not familiar with the cranes 3. Follow manufacturers recommendations 4. Follow Checklist 5. Inspect electrical controls 6.

Check for obstructions in crane’s travel path 7. Test proper operation of controls 8. Observe for smooth operation of components 9. Never unwind spool completely 10.Check upper & lower limit switches

Hook Pre-op Test

1. Replace if deformed or cracked 2. Check for proper function of safety latch 3. Inspect for twists from plane of unbent hook 4. Check for proper swivel 5. Hook repair is not recommended 6. Emergency hook repair must be performed only under competent supervision 7. After any hook repairs, hook must be load tested before being returned to normal service

Rope Pre-op Test

1. Reduction in rope diameter 2. Broken or worn outside wires 3. Corroded or broken wires at end of connections 4. Severe kinking, crushing, cutting or unstranding 5. Corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly applied end connections

Lockout-Tagout

1. Review individual crane requirements 2. Integrate lockout & maintenance requirements DANGER LOCKED OUT DON’T OPERATE This Lock/Tag may only be removed by NAME: __________ DEPT : __________ COMPLETION DATE: ___________ TIME: ____________ 3. Lockout-tagout training 4. Written program established & reviewed 5. Ask manufacturer for lockout device recommendations 6. Devices not always interchangeable between different cranes

Crane Safety Basics

Never allow a co-worker between a fixed object and a load!

2 TON DANGER WORKING CRANES

Fatalgram

The feeder was lowered to the ground, resting in an unsecured position. The feeder rolled on its side, pinning the victim against the wall of an adjacent control booth.

Fatalgram

The employee was in the process of loading a conveyor onto the trailer of his truck using the truck's crane. The cable attached to the conveyor slipped off the hook of the crane causing the conveyor to bounce off the trailer and crush the victim who was standing between the crane and the trailer. He died from crushing injuries.

Safe Working Radius

Know the safe travel radius of the crane. Contact with electrical sources or other hazards can result in catastrophic consequences.

Load Chart

Crane Safety Basics

Even when properly trained, equipment properly maintained, & employees work in a safe manner, accidents can still occur because crane operations are dependant on mechanical devices that can fail. The results can be catastrophic. You are the only controlling influence that can minimize the hazard. Your life literally is in your own hands!

Operator Requirements

1. No history of unsafe acts in workplace 2. Mature & safe attitude 3. Ability to react quickly in an emergency 4. Drug & alcohol free 5. Good depth perception 6. Good hearing and vision 7. Thoroughly trained 8. Understand lift requirements 9. No medication that will interfere with operation

Safe Practices

1. Test controls & brakes at start of shift 2.

Don’t operate unsafe cranes or hoists 3. Test brakes by a short lift to ensure control 4. Move loads only after being signaled by designated, qualified signaler

Safe Practices

1. Never carry loads over anyone 2. Never carry loads past anyone 3. Signalers in line-of-sight of operator 4. No riders on loads or hooks 5. No unauthorized person operating crane 6. Lockout before maintenance or repairs 7. Frequently inspect cranes

Safe Practices

1. Hook directly over load before lifting 2. Document & maintain inspection records 3. Check warning devices & signals 4. Signalers must watch load 5. Operators must watch signalers 6. Know travel path in advance of lift 7. Know where to set down load 8. Will new location support weight

Fatalgram

The employee was using a truck equipped with a hydraulic boom to position a tire on the hub of a caterpillar loader. The tire fell off the hook and struck the employee on his head and neck.

Fatalgram

Three steel plates weighing nearly 6,000 pounds were tied together by one nylon strap. They were lifted about 5 feet by a crane in order to slide a second strap around them. The truck driver walked under the suspended load, and at that moment, the strap around the steel plates broke. The plates fell striking the victim. He died from head injuries.

Fatalgram

A cement take-up pulley weight for a conveyer was being lifted into position by a crane. To lift the weight, straps were attached to four pins that had been set into the cement weight. The employee was riding on the 3,000 pound weight as it was being lifted. One of the pins pulled out of the weight causing the employee to lose his balance and fall 35 feet to the ground. He died from sustained injuries.

Signaler Safe Practices

1. Only one person is designated signaler 2. Maintain line-of-sight with operator 3. Operator acknowledges every signal 4. Stop operation if comprehension is lost 5. Operators must watch signalers 6. Plan in advance where load is going 7. Will new location will support the weight

Leaving or Parking

1. Raise hooks to limit switches 2.

Place controls in “off” position 3.

Place main power switch in “off” position 4. Visual check for dangerous conditions 5. Report defects immediately 6. Tagout defective equipment immediately 7. Report cranes not in operation 8.

Follow manufacturer’s recommendations.

Lifting Factors

1. Size, weight, & center of gravity of load 2. Number of sling legs 3. Angle sling makes with horizontal line 4. Rated capacity of sling 5. History of care & usage of sling

Size, Weight, & Center of Gravity

1. Crane hook must be directly above center of gravity 2. If crane hook is too far to one side of center of gravity, dangerous tilting and unequal stress to sling leg will result

Capacity of Sling

1. Rated capacity varies depending upon type of sling, size of sling, & type of hitch 2. Consult with manufacturer 3. Older slings must be used with additional caution 4. Sling charts based on new sling usage.

Care & Usage

1. Mishandling & misuse of slings are leading cause of sling-related accidents 2. Proper care essential for maximum service & safety 3. Always protect slings with cover saddles, burlap padding or wood blocking to prevent sharp bends & cutting edges.

Estimating Load Weight

1. Use a Dynamometer 2. Check shipping papers 3. Check nomenclature plates 4. Use industry standard tables or charts 5. Consult equipment manufacturer 6. Estimate using weights of similar loads 7. Never lift based on a guess 8. Stay within 50% of cranes rated capacity when estimating loads

Rigging & Slings

1. Chains 2. Wire Rope 3. Fiber Rope 4. Synthetic Web 5. Cargo Nets.

Each type has advantages and disadvantages!

Rigging & Slings

Consult with manufacturer concerning load capacities, usage methods, restrictions and other pertinent data for specific types of slings

Rules for Slings

1. Never load in excess of rated capacity 2. Never use a damaged sling 3. Never pull sling from a suspended load 4. Never shorten with knots 5. Suspended loads clear of everyone 6. Suspended loads clear of obstructions 7. Hands & fingers clear of loads 8. Protect slings from sharp edges of load 9. Think before you affect a load.

Wire Rope Inspection

Remove from service if: 1. 10 distributed broken wires 2. Five broken wires on one strand 3. Kinking, crushing, or bird caging 4. Evidence of heat damage 5. End attachments cracked, deformed, or worn 6. Hooks opened > 15% of the normal throat opening or twisted > 10%

Chain Inspection

Remove from service if: 1. Defective or questionable welds 2. Bending or elongation of chain links 3. Cracked or deformed links 4. Missing or removed identification tags 5. End attachments cracked, deformed, worn 6. Other suspected unsafe conditions

Web Sling Inspection

Remove from service if: 1. Acid or caustic burns 2. Age deterioration (drying/cracking) 3. Melting or charring of sling surface 4. Snags, tears or cuts exposure of colored thread 5. Missing or removed identification tags 6. Other suspected unsafe conditions

After The Lift

1. Clean sling 2. Check for damage 3. Follow proper storage rules 4. Leave in good condition for next lift 5. Report damaged or defective slings 6. Follow proper disposal or replacement procedures

Slings Storage

1. Dry environment, out of sunlight 2. Off floor or ground 3. Hung from hooks to prevent tangling and easy access 4. Away from electrical sources 5. By type don’t mix steel chain slings with synthetics 6. In a controlled area

Sling Angles

Consult with the sling manufacturer concerning how sling angles affect load capacities for different types of slings.

1000lb 1000lb 1000lb

Sling Angles

1. Angle of sling affects sling load capacity 2. Greater sling angle, greater stress 3. Multiple sling affects load capacity 4. Type of sling used is a factor 5. Consult with manufacturer for proper usage.

1000lb 1000lb 1000lb

Two Slings

The use of two slings, each 500lbs supporting the same amount of weight and having the same support angle results in equal distribution of the load weight.

1000lb

0 Angle 500lbs

Sling Angles

Sling Angle With Vertical 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 80 Stresses Per Sling Leg 1000 lbs Total Load 500 502 508 518 532 552 577 610 653 707 778 872 1000 2880 577lbs 30 30 Angle 577lbs

1000lb

707lbs

Sling Angles

707lbs 1000lbs 1000lbs

1000lb

45 Angle

1000lb

60 Angle

Sling Angles

The carrying capacity decreases as the spread between the slings increases. To determine the capacity of each sling in a bridle hitch: A B 1.

Measure the distance on one sling for the same number of units as the capacity of the sling in tons (Distance A).

2. Measure the vertical distance from the point located in to the load in tons. (Distance B).

3. The number of units in this vertical distance (B) is the working load for the sling.

Sling Angles

A B A = 2 ft. (or any unit) (2 Ton Sling Capacity) B = 1.5 ft.

Working Capacity of Each Sling = 1.5 Tons Note: The individual sling capacity must be more than half of the total load weight

Protecting Slings

Protect slings against sharp edges

HAND SIGNALS

Hoist load: 1. Forearm vertical 2. Forefinger pointing up 3. Move hand in small horizontal circular motion

HAND SIGNALS

Lower load: 1. Arm downward 2. Forefinger pointing down 3. Move hand in small horizontal circular motion

HAND SIGNALS

Boom Travel: 1. Arm extended forward 2. Hand open and slightly raised 3. Make pushing motion in the direction of travel

HAND SIGNALS

Stop: 1. Arm extended 2. Palm down 3. Move arm sideways, rapidly back & forth

HAND SIGNALS

Emergency stop: 1. Both arms extended 2. Palms down 3. Move both arms sideways rapidly back & forth

Protective Equipment

1. Appropriate for the particular hazards 2. Maintained in good condition 3. Properly stored when not in use 4. Kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary