Ethnobotany, classification and distribution of Capsicum annuum L. in Mexico Araceli Aguilar Meléndez Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California, Riverside.
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Ethnobotany, classification and distribution of Capsicum annuum L. in Mexico Araceli Aguilar Meléndez Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California, Riverside Capsicum spp. (chili peppers) DOMESTICATION CLASSIFICATION ETHNOBOTANY Ethnobotany is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the interaction between plants and people Throughout the world and time. Ethnobotany is multidisciplinary. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Botany Ethnology Anthropology Archeology Linguistics History Chemistry Pharmacology Ecology Sociology Religion Mythology Molecular studies How and where the domestication of Capsicum annuum L. ocurred? Ethnobotany is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the interaction between chili peppers and people in the New world and throughout time. Mesoamerica MEXICO México Ethnology History Historic data Codex Mendoza Chilapan Open markets Anthropology Yucatan Peninsula Quic kT ime™ and a Sorens on Video 3 decompres sor are needed to s ee this picture. Botany Diversity • Capsicum annuum var aviculare • C. annuum var. annuum • C. chinense Linguistics Common name • Max Common names • • • • • Chahua Sucure Max-ic Xpac chuuch Jobon dulce pico paloma boton calabaza verde Seco Folk taxonomy Rank Chinantec Kingdom Lifeform English gloss Unnamed ‘ma Intermediate tree Unnamed Generic ‘ma ‘úu Chili tree Specific (9) ‘ma ‘úu gilíi Yalina chili tree Folk taxonomy Rank Mixe Kingdom Lifeform English gloss Unnamed Ojts Intermediate herbs Unnamed Generic Niiv Chili Specific (10) Ko’ on niiv Tomate chili Common names • Habanero verde (Green habanero) • Habanero blanco (White habanero) Habanero Ecology Ancient Maya are very well known for their traditional management of forests that resulted in the domestication of several crops. It is likely that today this cultural group is involved in the process of domestication. • The homegardens is one place where we observed the diversity of plants used by modern Maya The species of the homegardens provide shade, firewood, food, drink, medicine as it has been studied in the laboratory of Dr. Gomez-Pompa. • Homegardens act as an indigenous experimental station and gene bank It contains many semi-domesticates transplanted from the wild then provides plant products that are required for life in smaller quantities throughout the year. • Homegardens are the places where domestication of important crops probably took place • Homegardens are the women’s domain • Whereas men realm are: • Forest (trees) • Field crops What is the motivation to select different varieties within the homegardens? • • • • • • • Taste Color Season availability Spice Form Enough amount Resistent to pest Chemistry Capsaicin Capsaicin • Biting taste due to the alkaloid capsaicin • Found in the seeds and placental area Capsaicin • The effects resulted mainly from the specific action of capsaicin are to stimulate neurons that sense pain. • Capsaicin bind to receptors located at nerves of the central nervous system. • There are capsaicin-containing topical creams and ointments products to ease joint and muscle pains. Molecular studies Genealogy G3pdh Waxy 740WAXY 64G3pdh 700W AXY 276WAXY 872G3pdh 848G3pdh 309W AXY 433G3pdh 2000G3pdh 291WAXY 358WAXY 64WAXY 351W AXY 2002G3pdh 348W AXY 476G3pdh Acknowledments Conacyt Center for Conservation Biology (UCR) UC-MEXUS Genomics Institute (UCR) Tabasco Company Ethnobotany is multidisciplinary. • • • • • • • • • • • Botany Anthropology Archeology Linguistics History Chemistry Pharmacology Ecology Sociology Religion Mythology How and where the domestication of Capsicum annuum L. ocurred? SOLANACEAEE • Potatos (Solanum spp.) • Tomatos (Lycopersicon spp.) • Eggplants (Solanum spp.) • Chili peppers(Capsicum spp.) History of the genus Capsicum • Described for first time by Tournefort in 1700. • In 1737 Linnaeus included 2 species (C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L.) • In 1767 added 2 more species (C. baccatum L. and C. grossum L.) Capsicum • Morton (1938) suggested that the presence of free filaments of stamens and spice berry fruits should be the limits for the genus. • Heiser y Smith (1958) agree. However some species with no spice fruits, such as C. ciliatum and C. chacoense are considered part of the genus. Classification based on fruits • One species of Capsicum (Bailey, 1923). • 60 species of Capsicum (Dunal, 1852) Color of flowers 29 species of Capsicum in the New World 18 species are not used by humans 11 species are used by humans Wild and domesticated species Species used by humans WILD C. annuum C. chinense C. frutescens C. baccatum C. praetermissum C. chacoense C. galapagoense C. cardenasii C. eximium C. tovari DOMESTICATED C. annuum C. chinense C. frutescens C. baccatum C. pubescens Capsicu 29 especies m Capsicum pubescens R. & P. Capsicum baccatum L. Capsicum annuum L. México No native species Capsicum chinense Capsicum pubescens México Native species Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum frutescens L. Capsicum ciliatum (H.B.K.) Capsicum lanceolatum (Greenm. ) Morton & Standley Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum spp. (chili peppers) DOMESTICATION CLASSIFICATION ETHNOBOTANY DOMESTICATION • The evolution of a plant occurs when there is selection; this can be the result of human activity, which generally values attributes of interest to people in detriment to those necessary for the plant's own survival in the wild. • When this process reaches high levels of genetic modification, to the point that human aid is necessary for survival, the plant is considered to have achieved the stage of being domesticated (Harlan, 1975). DOMESTICATION • Useful plants occur at various stages of domestication that require different degrees of management and cultivation. • Generally, the more domesticated the plant, the more demanding it is as to degree of management and cultivation, but the fact of a plant being managed or cultivated does not imply that it is domesticated. Wild Domesticated Wild Domesticated TRAIT WILD DOMESTICATED Fruit size Small Medium & big Fruit color Red Yellow, orange, black, etc. Fruit decidous Yes No Fruit position Erect Holding from plant Cross pollination Yes No Habit Perennial Annual Summary of the major differences between wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) Wild or domesticated? DOMESTICATION Capsicum spp. (chili peppers) DOMESTICATION CLASSIFICATION ETHNOBOTANY Capsicum chinense Jacq. & C. frutescens L.