Transcript Chapter 4 - Adjudications Due Process Substantive Due Process   Substantive Due Process refers to the limits on what government can regulate  Federal -

Chapter 4 - Adjudications
Due Process
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Substantive Due Process
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Substantive Due Process refers to the limits on
what government can regulate
 Federal - commerce clause, national security
powers, foreign affairs,
 State - police powers v. privacy (abortion)
Important in the early days of the court before the
modern expansive reading of the commerce
clause
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Modern Substantive Due Process
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Substantive Due Process is a limited concept in modern
supreme court jurisprudence
 But a controversial one
Even when there are constitutional bars, the court
generally allows significant regulation
 There may be a right to an abortion, but the state can
regulate health and safety aspects of abortion clinics
 There may be a right to own a gun, but the state can
regulate carrying the gun
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Procedural Due Process
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Procedural due process refers to the procedures
by which government may affect the rights of an
individuals in a specific situation
Procedural due process arises through
adjudications and other proceeding that affect a
small group of persons based on the specific
factual determinations
There is no procedural due process right in
legislation
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History of Due Process
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The constitution mostly did not apply to the states
The 14th amendment was eventually used to apply the
constitution to the states
Many of the due process protections we take for granted
stem from the Warren Court and cases decided in the
1950s and 1960s.
Criminal due process was developed earlier than
administrative due process
The cutting edge of due process is transforming criminal
due process into administrative, as with terrorist
detainees
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Takings Review
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What is a traditional property "taking"?
What due process is involved?
What about compensation?
How is compensation measured?
Why is traditional takings jurisprudence much
older than individual rights jurisprudence?
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Regulatory Takings
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What is a regulatory taking?
Why are these a hot topic in land use?
What are the consequences of forcing the state to pay for
any diminished value caused by regulation?
 Do you really think we can sort this out for coastal
restoration?
Should the owner pay the state if regulation enhances
property values?
 Right of reclamation in LA
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Accidental Deprivations
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Assume the postman runs over your dog or the forest
service accidentally burns down your home
 Have you suffered a taking?
 Are these due process deprivations?
 If so, how could the government provide due process?
What if the government repeatedly forgets to give mental
patients a hearing before committing them?
 Is this different?
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Rights v. Privileges - History
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In 1940 a city fires a policeman because the police chief
heard a rumor that the policeman had accepted free
coffee and doughnuts from a shop on his beat.
 Due process violation?
 Did not need to provide due process for not granting
or for terminating a government benefit
Government benefits were construed broadly - going to a
state college
 You could condition these with restrictions that would
otherwise be impermissible
 Bitter with the Sweet Doctrine
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Goldberg
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Goldberg's Children
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Goldberg created the notion of an entitlement, i.e.,
a continued right to a government benefit as long
as you met the triggering criteria for the benefit.
The next cases explored when this applied to
employment, outside of civil service protections,
which are more expansive than the constitutional
minimum.
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Employment Hearings
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Only government employees have constitutional rights
to a hearing and due process
 State rights are defined by the state law, not the US
constitution, and can be broader than the US rights
 States cannot provide less than the US Constitutional
minimum due process
 Getting a hearing does not mean you get to keep the
job
States and congress can create rights to employment due
process for private employees
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Boards of Regents v Roth, 408 U.S. 564
(1972)
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What were the terms of the contract?
Why did he claim he was fired?
 Is this before the court?
What process did he want?
Did the university claim he had done anything
wrong?
 Could this have changed the result?
Did he get the hearing?
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Perry v. Sinderman, 408 U.S. 593 (1972)
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Facts
 Taught for 10 years
 University policy was to not fire without cause after 7
years
 Fired without cause
What process did he want?
Why was the university policy on continued employment
critical?
 What is going on with LSU lecturers?
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Are medical and legal licenses new
property?
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What due process rights would you expect if the
state were revoking your license to practice?
Would you expect the same rights if the state did
not let you take the bar exam?
What does this tell you about your conduct before
you are licensed?
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LA Law Note - Title 49, Chapter 13, §961.
Licenses
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C. No revocation, suspension, annulment, or withdrawal
of any license is lawful unless, prior to the institution of
agency proceedings, the agency gives notice by mail to
the licensee of facts or conduct which warrant the
intended action, and the licensee is given an opportunity
to show compliance with all lawful requirements for the
retention of the license. If the agency finds that public
health, safety, or welfare imperatively requires emergency
action, and incorporates a finding to that effect in its
order, summary suspension of a license may be ordered
pending proceedings for revocation or other action.
These proceedings shall be promptly instituted and
determined.
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New Property v. Old Property
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How do these cases create the "new property"
How are the rights different for new property
versus old property?
What if I take your medical license, versus taking
your land?
What if I abolish your job or your welfare
entitlement?
How strong is the notion of new property?
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Melissa I
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Melissa is charged with plagiarism, which can result in
expulsion from the (state) law school
What is the purpose of granting her a hearing?
 What issues should she raise?
 What should the school present to support its case as
the moving party?
 What is the value of the record of the hearing?
Should she get a hearing?
What about cancelling her scholarship without a hearing?
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Melissa II
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Melissa admits she plagiarized, but claims extenuating
circumstances.
Thinking about the reasons for a hearing from Melissa I,
how are these factors changed by her admission?
 How has the burden of proof shifted?
 Is there any factual dispute to resolve?
What does Codd v. Velger, 429 U.S. 624 (1977) (suicidal
policeman) tell us?
 Why does it matter whether there are facts in dispute?
 When do mitigation facts count?
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Liberty Interests
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What is a liberty interest?
 What are examples?
 How is a liberty interest different from a
property interest?
In prison cases, at least, courts tend to talk about
liberty interests when the plaintiff is about to lose
 If it is not going to be protected, the court calls
it a liberty interest rather than property interest.
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Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433
(1971)
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A state law required the posting of the names of
“public drunkards” at places where alcoholic
beverages are sold
 Did Paul concede that he was a drunkard?
 Does this put facts in issue?
 What were the provisions for challenging being
on the list?
What did the United States Supreme Court hold?
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Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693 (1976)
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Note that this is the same term as Matthews - are they
related?
The sheriff gave out a list of "active shoplifters,"
including persons who had not been convicted
How did the court distinguish Constantineau?
 What did he claim as an injury in this case?
 What might such a list on the Internet affect?
What did Rehnquist say was his remedy if the
characterization was incorrect?
 What are the limits of such a remedy?
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Perverts R Us WWW sites: Connecticut Dept. of
Public Safety v. Doe, 538 U.S. 1 (2003)
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State is going to list all persons convicted of a list of
sexually related crimes on a public registry
 What does plaintiff want a hearing on before he is
listed?
 Why is this a relevant factual inquiry?
What did the court find?
 Why isn't this an additional punishment? (Hint Kansas v. Hendricks)
 If you were writing the opinion, where would you argue
that plaintiff got his due process?
 (Also see: Smith v. Doe, 123 S.Ct. 1140 (2003)
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Public Registries for Sex Offenders
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Why are these popular?
What is the policy justification?
How does this affect the offender's ability to get a
job or have a place to live?
How narrow are the grounds for being on the list?
 How does this contribute to the guy in CA who
was on the list but was able to keep a kidnap
victim hostage for nearly two decades?
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Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226 (1991)
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Bad recommendations from government employer
 Unethical and incompetent
 Fired at new (government) job
Not a constitutional violation
 Why not?
 What link between the firing and the reputational injury was the
court looking for when it created the "stigma plus" category?
 Did the old employer fire him?
 What was plaintiff's remedy?
How is this at issue in the recent military mass murder case?
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Melissa III
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Melissa was charged with plagiarism but was not
provided any due process protections.
Fearful of a lawsuit, the law school did not expel her, but
upon her graduation it sent a letter to the State Board of
Bar Examiners informing the Board that Melissa had
“engaged in plagiarism in Legal Writing during her first
year.”
Have her due process rights been violated under Siegert?
 Is this fair?
 What is her remedy?
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Melissa IV
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In this case, the school expels her without due
process and puts an entry on her transcript that
she “engaged in plagiarism in Legal Writing
during her first year.”
Has Melissa been deprived of liberty by the
damage to her reputation?
Is a note on the transcript equal to publication?
 Why does this matter?
 Is this stigma plus?
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Codd v. Velger, 429 U.S. 624 (1977) ,
Revisited
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Because he was a probationary employee, he had no
property interest in continued employment (Codd, round
one), but he claimed that the inclusion of this allegation
in his personnel file damaged his reputation and made it
impossible for him to find other employment as a
policeman.
 What did the Appeals Court find about information
contained in a personal file?
 Why didn't the court say that the plaintiff could just
request that the file not be forwarded to a new
employer?
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Homeland Security and the CIA
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One of the big fights over the Homeland Security Bill is
its limitation of employee hearing rights
 Security agency personnel are subject to firing without
stated cause and get no hearing.
 The Homeland Security Act extends the definition of a
national security job to many more employees, who
thus lose civil service protection
Why do this?
Is this a good idea?
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Job Security in Public Workplaces
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What is the traditional trade-off between a public
job and a private job?
How can job security for government employees
hurt the general public?
What has been the trend for job security in private
employment?
What is the cost of reducing job security for
public employees?
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Stopped Here
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Prisons
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Are prisons part of the criminal law system or the
administrative law system?
Why have prison populations doubled and tripled relative
to the population over the past 30 years?
Learning to think like an economist:
 Who benefits from tough laws, esp. drug laws?
 Who benefits from prisons?
 What is the tradeoff for the increased prison budgets?
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The Prison Basics
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LA Stats
Look at the rate and the cost per prisoner
 Many are old and no threat to the public
 What is the state's track record for efficient programs?
 What do you suspect is the basis for such low per
prisoner cost?
 How does the dysfunctional public defender system
contribute to the incarnation rate?
What are the long term implications of this system?
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State Prison Litigation:
42 USC 1983
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State prison cases are mostly filed under 42 USC 1983,
alleging that the state deprived the prisoners of their civil
rights.
 Due process claims, such as Sandin
 "Cruel and unusual punishment claims" which
generally deal with conditions of confinement or
medical care.
Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 requires exhaustion
of remedies in prison litigation, even if the administrative
system cannot provide the requested remedy, if the
system can provide some remedy
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Prisoners as Litigants
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Successful litigation is mostly by NGOs - ACLU, prison
rights organizations, AIDS organizations
Individual prisoners
 Do prisoners have a lot to do with their time?
 Do most prisoners have sophisticated legal talents?
 Do prisoners like to give the prison grief?
 What is most prisoner litigation going to look like?
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Due Process Claims
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Due process claims require the plaintiff to show
that he had a liberty interest in the proceeding.
Even if the court finds a liberty interest, that just
lets the prisoner get a hearing or get into court.
Courts generally defer to the prison on matters of
discipline and security
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Good Time Credits and Parole to Reduce
Time Served
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Are these constitutionally required?
Why have them?
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 eliminated
parole and reduced good time credits in the
federal system
 Combined with the expansion of federal crimes,
this has lead to an explosion of federal
prisoners
 Same in many states
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Cases that Affect Time Served
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Why would procedures that affect release dates
get the most legal protection?
Return to prison for a parole violation (Gagnon)
 Should the prisoner get a hearing?
 Why - what might be contested?
Decisions reducing good time credits or affecting
parole (Morrissey/Wolff)
 How does these look like Goldberg benefits?
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Sandin v Conner, 515 U.S. 472 (1995)
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Prisoner got 30 days in solitary as punishment.
 Is this cruel and unusual?
Is he entitled to a hearing?
 Only when discipline "imposes atypical and significant
hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary
incidents of prison life" is due process implicated.
The Court rejected a claim that punishment of solitary
confinement for 30 days was enough to trigger due
process requirements.
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Wilkinson v. Austin, 125 S.Ct. 2384 (2005)
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The Court concluded that indefinite placement in
a "supermax" prison together with a
disqualification from parole was enough to trigger
due process requirements.
What does it mean to be in a supermax prison?
 Why do we put inmates in them?
Does a hearing before the prison officials really
mean much?
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What rights does a prisoner retain?
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Some freedom to exercise religion
Some limited right to communicate with the
outside
A little bit of free speech
Some bodily integrity, at least in the area of
medical care
Freedom from beatings and the like through 1983,
and state laws.
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Trade-offs in Prison Regulations
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Assume you have been hired to develop a new set
of prison regulations for Angola.
What are the tradeoffs you must deal with?
What happens if prisoners have lots of rights?
What if prisoners have no rights?
Do more detailed regulations increase or reduce
prison discretion?
 Increase or reduce conflicts over rules?
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How Can Prisoners Enforce their Rights?
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Should jailhouse lawyers get special (positive)
treatment in court?
How much latitude should outside lawyers have in
asserting rights for prisoners?
Should there be different rules for juvenile
prisons?
 Who decides about representation for kids if
the parents are not fit?
 What about medical decisions for them?
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