LAST CHANCE AP BIOLOGY Review WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE MC QUESTIONS? Answer EVERY question Eliminates wrong answers first Make educated guesses.
Download ReportTranscript LAST CHANCE AP BIOLOGY Review WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE MC QUESTIONS? Answer EVERY question Eliminates wrong answers first Make educated guesses.
LAST CHANCE AP BIOLOGY Review WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE MC QUESTIONS? Answer EVERY question Eliminates wrong answers first Make educated guesses when necessary If you know NOTHING and can’t eliminate even 1, choose C WHAT ARE SOME TIPS FOR THE FRQ? Label all sections Follow directions Answer the question Use vocab and define it Write neatly and clearly Label all graphs (title, axis, UNITS etc) WHAT IS ECOLOGY? The study of the interactions of organisms and their environment WHAT IS BIOLOGY? They study of life WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD? Purpose Hypothesis Materials Procedure Data Results Conclusion WHAT IS THE CONTROL GROUP? The group in which nothing is changed or manipulated WHAT IS AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE? The variable being changed by the experimenter WHAT IS THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE? The thing that changes or is being measured WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS? An educated guess WHAT IS A THEORY? An explanation supported by an abundance of facts and evidence WHAT IS ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION? Reproduction with one organism Used by bacteria Budding or fission Offspring are identical to parents WHAT IS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION? Reproduction between two organisms Egg and sperm Offspring are different from parents WHAT IS AN ABIOTIC FACTOR? Non living component of an environment Water, wind, temperature, soil, rock, gasses WHAT IS A BIOTIC FACTOR? Living thing in an environment Plants, animals, bacteria WHAT ARE AUTOTROPHS? Self feeders Get energy from the sun, like plants WHAT ARE HETEROTROPHS? Organisms that have to eat to get food, like animals WHAT ARE CARNIVORES? Meat eaters Lions, tigers WHAT ARE HERBIVORES? Plant eaters rabbits WHAT ARE OMNIVORES? Eat both plants and meat People Bears WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? The process by which plants turn sunlight into ATP WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? Carbon dioxide + water oxygen + glucose CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 WHAT ARE THE 2 STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? Light reactions (make oxygen) Calvin Cycle (Dark Reactions-make glucose) WHAT HAPPENS TO ENERGY GOING UP A TROPHIC LEVEL? Only 10% goes up The other 90% is lost to the environment as heat WHAT IS A FOOD CHAIN? The flow of energy through organisms in an environment WHAT IS A FOOD WEB? Many food chains together WHAT IS A KEYSTONE SPECIES? One that affects all the others Usually a plant WHAT IS SUCCESSION? When organisms grow back after a catastrophe destroys an area Small plants, like mosses, lichens, and grass, grow back first WHAT IS A LIMITING FACTOR? Something that limits the size of a population Keeps it from growing exponentially WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER? atoms WHAT AND WHERE IS A PROTON? Positively charged sub atomic particle In the nucleus WHERE AND WHAT IS AN ELECTRON? Negatively charged subatomic particle In shells around the nucleus WHAT AND WHERE IS THE NEUTRON? Neutral subatomic particle In the nucleus HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY PROTONS ARE IN AN ATOM? Same as atomic number HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY ELECTRONS ARE IN AN ATOM? Same as the atomic number HOW DO YOU KNOW HOW MANY NEUTRONS ARE IN AN ATOM? Atomic mass minus atomic number HOW MANY ELECTRONS ARE IN EACH SHELL? 2 in the first 8 in the second WHAT KIND OF BONDS ARE BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES? Hydrogen bonds WHAT DO HYDROGEN BONDS CAUSE BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES? Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension WHAT IS POLAR? Having a negative end and a positive end Oxygen is negative, hydrogen is positive WHAT ARE SOME OTHER PROPERTIES OF WATER? Can be solid, liquid, or gas Ice is less dense than water Regulates body temperature Polar LIST 3 POLYSACCHARIDES Cellulose Glycogen starch WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF POLYSACCHARIDES (CARBS)? Monosaccharides Glucose Fructose WHAT IS AN ENZYME? Speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy A catalyst A protein Ends in -ase WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS? Nucleotides A, T, C and G WHAT THINGS ARE MADE OF PROTEIN? Enzymes Hair nails WHAT 3 THINGS DO ONLY PLANT CELLS HAVE? Chloroplasts Cell walls vacuoles WHAT IS A PROKARYOTE? Cell without a nucleus bacteria WHAT IS HYPERTONIC? HYPOTONIC? ISOTONIC? Solution has more solute than cell Solution has less solute than cell Solution has the same amount of solute as the cell WHAT IS PLASMOLYSIS? Cell shrinking Because water leaves WHAT IS CYTOLYSIS? Cell swelling Due to water entering cell WHAT IS OSMOSIS? The diffusion of water IF A CELL HAS 26 CHROMOSOMES, HOW MANY DOES IT HAVE AFTER MITOSIS? 26 2 cells IF A CELL HAS 26 CHROMOSOMES, HOW MANY DOES IT HAVE AFTER MEIOSIS? 13 4 cells LIST AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS. Prophase-chromosomes condense Metaphase-chromosomes line up in the middle Anaphase-chromosomes begin to separate Telophase-nuclei separate Cytokinesis-cytoplasm separates into 2 new cells WHAT IS FERMENTATION? Cellular respiration when there is no oxygen Anaerobic Less ATP is produced WHEN DOES CROSSING OVER OCCUR? Prophase I of meiosis Increases genetic variation WHAT IS HETEROZYGOUS? One dominant allele, one recessive Aa Phenotype is dominant trait WHAT IS GENOTYPE? PHENOTYPE? Genotype=genes phenotype=physical characteristics A DIHYBRID CROSS WITH 2 HETEROZYGOUS ORGANISMS GIVE WHAT RATIO? 9:3:3:1 WHAT IS REPLICATION? When DNA makes a copy of itself WHAT IS TRANSCRIPTION? TRANSLATION? Transcription is DNA to RNA Translation is RNA to protein WHAT ARE 3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA? DNA is double stranded DNA has deoxyribose DNA has T and RNA has U WHAT ARE THE NUCLEOTIDE BASES AND THEIR MATCHES? A T C G A-T C-G WHAT SEX CHROMOSOME DOES A FATHER GIVE TO A DAUGHTER? X LIST SOME SEX LINKED DISEASES Color blindness Baldness hemophilia WHAT IS A KARYOTYPE? Picture of all 23 pairs of chromosomes WHAT ARE SOME TYPES OF FOSSILS? Bones Molds Casts Carbon films Ice, amber, tar WHAT WERE THE FIRST PRIMATES? Prosimians Lemurs, lorises WHERE DO OLD WORLD MONKEYS LIVE? TAILS OR NO TAILS? In Africa and/or Asia No tails WHO DISCOVERED LUCY? WHAT DID WE LEARN FROM HER? Mary Leakey Hominids evolved bipedalism early in their evolution WHAT IS ORGANIC? When something has carbon WHY CAN CARBON BOND WITH SO MANY OTHER THINGS? 4 electrons in the outer shell, can make 4 bonds WHAT IS AN ISOMER? When an atom has a different number of neutrons WHAT IS CATABOLIC/ANABOLIC? Catabolic: breaking molecules, releasing energy, exergonic, cellular respiration Anabolic: building molecules, needs energy, endergonic, photosynthesis WHAT MAKES UP OUR CELL MEMBRANES? Phospholipids (bilayer, polar heads face out hydrophilic; non-polar hydrophobic tails face in) WHAT DOES A RIBOSOME DO? Make protein WHAT DOES A LYSOSOME DO? Digest things WHAT DOES A VACUOLE DO? Hold water WHAT DOES SEMI PERMEABLE MEAN? Some things can go through and some can’t WHAT AND WHERE AND WHAT COMES OUT OF EACH STEP OF CELL RESP? Glycolysis Cytoplasm 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acids Kreb’s Matrix of mitochondria 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 ETC Cristae of mitochondria Water, 34 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation WHAT AND WHERE AND WHAT COMES OUT OF THE 2 STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS? Light dependent reaction Thylakoid Membrane of chloroplast Oxygen, ATP, NADPH Dark, Calvin, Light independent reaction Stroma (fluid in chloroplast) Glucose, ADP, and NADP WHAT ARE THE OPENINGS IN LEAVES FOR CO2 AND WATER CALLED? stomata WHAT IS THE FLUID IN A CHLOROPLAST CALLED? stroma WHAT ARE THE 5 KINGDOMS OF LIFE? Animals (multi celled eukaryotes, heterotrophs) Plants (multi celled eukaryotes, autotrophs) Fungi (multi celled eukaryotes, heterotrophs) Protista (single celled eukaryotes) Monera (prokaryotes) WHICH 2 ANIMAL PHYLA HAVE DEUTEROSTOMES AND WHAT DOES IT MEAN? Chordates Echinoderms Means anus forms first as fetus WHAT IS A COELOM AND WHO HAS THEM? Body cavity Mollusks and higher on the evolutionary tree WHAT IS THE MAIN UNIT IN THE KIDNEY? Nephron WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM MAKE AND WHERE? Makes hormones In glands WHAT IS THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY? Mitochondria and chloroplasts were free living Then were absorbed by prokaryotes Which then evolved into eukaryotes (like us) We know because mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA