Transcript INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the African Region Pretoria, South Africa 18-22 September 2006 PHILIP ACQUAH Director Environmental Protection Agency.

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR
CGE Hands-on Training Workshop on
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
for the African Region
Pretoria, South Africa
18-22 September 2006
PHILIP ACQUAH
Director
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Ghana
1
2.1
SECTION A
Re96gl Approach and Steps

Definition of IP Sector Activities

Differentiation Non-energy and Energyrelated Emissions
IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories or
Disaggregation
Estimation Methods
 Choice of Methods
 Choice of Activity Data
 Choice of Default Emission Factors
Tools facilitating Choice of EF and
Reporting
 IPCC Emission Factor Database (EFDB)
 Tools facilitating Reporting



2
2.2
SECTION B
GPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS



Good Practice Principles
Choice of Methods-Tier structure and
selection criteria
GPG 2000 Potential key Sources and
Decision Trees
3
2.3
SECTION C
Review of Problems Encountered using Re96GL,
GPG2000 Options and/or Suggested Approaches






Difficulty in disaggregation of Country
relevant Sources
Activity Data (AD) Collection and CBI
Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting
Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as
EFs
Lack of Emission Factors (2)
Lack of AD and EFs
4
2.4
SECTION C
Review of Problems Encountered using Re96GL,
and Recommendations
n
Other Specific Issues and
n
n
n
n
Use of Notation Keys in Reporting
Tables 1& 2
Activity Data (AD) Collection and
Reporting
Institutional Arrangements
Recommended capacity building
5
2.5
SECTION D
Re96GL source-category
specific problems of AD and EF
GPG 2000 OPTIONS
6
2.6
SECTION E
Inventory Quality Improvement
and Uncertainty Reduction
GPG APPROACH- QA/QC
7
2.7
SECTION A
REVISED 1996 IPCC
GUIDELINES (Re96GL)
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SECTOR
Approach and Steps
8
2.8
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities

Non-energy related physical and chemical
processes in production activities leading
to transformation of raw materials and
emissions of GHG (e.g. decomposition
reactions)
9
2.9
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities

non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in
process reactions or stage processes
that do not only release heat but also
act predominantly as reducing agent
(e.g. metallurgical coke in the
smelting of ores in metal production)
10
2.10
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities

Feedstock delivered to petrochemical
plants and used for manufacture of other
products and not for energy purposes (e.g.
use of natural gas or other fossils in the
manufacture of ammonia)
11
2.11
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Definition of IP Sector Activities

Production-related emissions NOT
classified under IP but under energy
sector are GHGs released from fuel
combustion of feedstock in production
activities as sources of energy/ form of
energy ( i.e. heat, process steam or
electricity generation).
12
2.12
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Differentiation Non-energy and
Energy-related Emissions in Re96GL Vol.3









Cement production Section 2.3.1
Lime production , 2.4.1
Soda ash production and Use 2.6.1
Ammonia production 2.8.1 and 2.8.2
Silicon carbide 2.11.1
Calcium Carbide 2.11.2
Iron and Steel 2.13.3.2
Ferro alloys 2.13.5.1
Aluminum 2.13.5.1
13
2.13
Illustration of non-energy and energy
related emissions from Re96GL Vol. 3
(Reference Manual)
Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy
Related Emissions in IP sector
14
2.14
Re96GL Approach and Steps
IPCC Source and Sub-source
Categories or Disaggregation

Tools for classification:
The IPCC inventory software
(electronic version of IPCC
worksheet)
 Emission Factor data Base ‘EFDB

15
2.15
Illustration with
EFDB and Software
Re96GL Sources and Subsource
Categories/Disaggregation
16
2.16
GHGs from IP sector
(a) CO2, CH4, N2O,
(b) HFCs, PFCs, SF6,
(c) SO2,CO, Nox, NMVOCs
Relevant Source Categories
(ref. Software long summary
17
2.17
Re96GL Approach and Steps
General Estimation Methodology

General Equation
TOTALij = AD j x EF ij

where:



TOTAL ij = process emission (tonne) of gas i from
industrial sector j
AD j = amount of activity or production of
process material (Activity Data) in industrial
sector j (tonne/yr)
EF ij = emission factor (EF) associated with gas i
per unit of activity in industrial sector j
(tonne/tonne)
18
2.18
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

For certain industrial processes,
more than one estimation
methodology is presented. These
are:


Simplified approach referred to
as Tier 1
More detailed methodology
referred to as Tier 2.
19
2.19
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods



Several options are also provided for
certain industrial processes under Tier
1, as Tier 1a, 1b, 1c; based on data
availability and suitability of methods
Order of preference for Tier 1 methods
1a>1b>1c
Encourages Country-Specific methods,
documented and adequately referenced
20
2.20
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Sample Tiers by Sub-source Categories

2B1- Ammonia production (CO2)



Tier1a-AD as natural gas consumption (m3)
and EF (kgC/m3)
Tier 1b-AD as ammonia production (tonnes)
and EF (tonne CO2/tonne NH3)
2C5-Calcium Carbide Production (CO2)


T1a -Consumption of petroleum coke (tonne)
and EF (tonne C/tonne Coke type)
T1b-production of carbide
21
2.21
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories

2C-Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al,
Ferro-alloys)
 Tier 1a-consumption of reducing agent
(tonne) and EF (tonne C/tonne reducing
agent)
 Tier 1b-production of the metal (tonnes)
and EF (tonne CO2/tonne metal)
22
2.22
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories

PFCs from aluminum production
 Tier 1a-direct plant emissions data
 Tier 1b-estimation based on plant
measurements and empirical
estimation
 Tire 1c-based on aluminum production
(tonnes) and default emissions factor
(kg/tonne Al)
23
2.23
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Tiers by Sub-source Categories


2F- HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release)
 Tier 1- AD (total production (tonnes) and
Default EF (% of total production)
 Tier2- direct emissions from plant specific
measurements using standard methods
2E-Consumption of ODS substitutes (HFCs,
PFCs and SF6)
 Tire 1a and Tier b -potential emissions
 Tier 2 -actual emissions
24
2.24
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Activity Data


Plant level measurements or direct
emissions reports with documented
methodologies
Where direct measurements are
not available, estimations are based
on calculation with plant-specific
data
25
2.25
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Activity Data



International data set ( United Nations
data sets and Industry associations )
National data bases where available from
appropriate government ministries (e.g.
Statistics Services, EPAs)
Standard production statistics from
national statistical publications.
26
2.26
Re96GL Approach and Steps
Choice of Default Emission Factors





Process reaction-based EFs (Stoichiometric
Ratios)
Production-based emission factors
Technology-specific emission
Factors
Reported Country/Region-specific plant-level
measurements
IPCC Emission Factors Data Base (EFDB), a
summary for process reaction-based and
technology-based EFs
27
2.27
ILLUSTRATE USE OF EMISSION
FACTOR DATABASE (EFDB)
FOR IP SECTOR
Re96GL Approach and Steps
28
2.28
Comparability of IPCC
Technology-based Default EF
and good practice Plant-level EF
The case of Aluminum production
inventory in Ghana
29
2.29
Good practice Activity Data
(Plant-level EF based on Tier 1a Method)
CO2 emissions f rom aluminum production Activity data
200000
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Period (year)
production (tonnes )
gros s carbon (tonnes )
net carbon (tonnes )
30
2.30
Consumption of reducing agent
(anode carbon)
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
gross carbon (tonnes)
1994
1995
1996
net carbon (tonnes)
31
2.31
Net carbon consumption
0.500
0.450
0.400
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
production (megatonnes)
net carbon tonne/tonne al
3 per. Mov. Avg. (net carbon tonne/tonne al)
32
2.32
Comparability of good practice
plant level and IPCC Default
Process Parameter
Net Carbon consumption
assuming 98% purity of
anode carbon
Country Specific IPCC Default
(Plant level Tier 2) including baking
emissions (5%)
7-year average
0.445
tonne C/tonne
Emission factor
(tonne CO2/tonne Al.)
1.63
% Difference
+3.5%
1.58
33
2.33
Emissions Estimation and
Reporting
Use of IPCC Electronic
Inventory Software
Re96GL Approach and Steps
34
2.34
REPORTING TABLES
Long Summary and Short
summary
(Reference :
IPCC Inventory Software)
35
2.35
SECTION B
IP SECTOR INVENTORIES
GPG 2000 APPROACH AND STEPS
36
2.36
GGPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Good Practice Principles

To produce inventories, which
neither over/under estimate
emissions so far as can be judged
based on the principle of TCCCA,
namely:
Transparency; Consistency over
time;
Completeness, Comparability,
Accuracy
37
2.37
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Good Practice Principles




To use limited resources more efficiently
for key sources
To reduce level of Uncertainties
To improve reporting and documentation
To apply quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) and improve
transparency
38
2.38
GGPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods



Identifies potential IP sector key source
categories
Provides Decision Tree analysis for the
selected sources
Describes source category-specific good
practice methods in adapting Re96GL to
country-specific circumstances
39
2.39
GGPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Choice of Methods

Defines Tier numbers for alternative
names of methods described in Re96GL
but are not numbered

Provides good practice guidance for
various Tier levels of assessment (Tier 1,
2, 3) for selected source categories
40
2.40
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
GPG 2000 Potential key Sources Identified






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2A1-CO2 Emissions from Cement Production
2A2-CO2 Emissions from Lime Production
2C1-CO2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel Industry
2B3 & 2B4 N2O Emissions from Adipic Acid and
Nitric Acid Production
2C3-PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production
2C4-Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions from
Magnesium Production
2E1-HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Manufacture
41
2.41
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
GPG 2000 Potential key Sources Identified

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2F(1-5)- Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone
Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes) from
HFCs and PFCs used in refrigeration, airconditioning, foam blowing, fire extinguishers,
aerosols, solvents )
2F7-SF6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment
2F8-SF6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF6
2E3-SF6 Emissions from Production of SF6
2F6-PFC, HFC, and SF6 Emissions from
Semiconductor Manufacturing.
42
2.42
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Decision Trees, and Selection
criteria for Methods and Structured
Tier levels
43
2.43
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Decision Trees, and selection
criteria for methods and Tier levels
2A1-Cement production CO2
Figure 3.1 pg 3.11
2C1- Iron and Steel Production (CO2)
Figure 3.2 pg 3.21
2B1 &2B2 Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid
(NO2)
Figure 3.4 pg 3.32
2C1-Aluminum production (PFC)
Figure 3.5 pg 3.40
2C-Use of SF6 in magnesium
production (SF6)
Figure 3.6 pg 3.49
2E &2F- ODS Substitutes
Figure 3.11 pg 3.80
44
2.44
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
SAMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS OF TIER LEVEL
METHODS IN ADAPTING RE96GL BASED ON
NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Reference Annex 3 Table 3
IP Handbook
45
2.45
SECTION C
REVIEW OF PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED IN USING
Re96GL and GPG 2000 OPTIONS
46
2.46
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory

Difficulty in disaggregation of Country
relevant Sources into IPCC categories
particularly sub-source categories not listed
in Re96GL.
47
2.47
mapping national industry
classification with IPCC Source
categories
48
2.48
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Activity Data (AD) Collection and CBI

Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or EF to
national institutions responsible for data collection
because of Confidential Business Information (CBI),
49
2.49
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting

The reporting of industrial process emissions from
non-energy use (NEU) of feedstock produced in
combination with fuel combustion under Energy
Sector due to the difficulty in differentiation and
possible double counting of CO2.
50
2.50
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting

Direct plant level measurement and reporting of
industrial process emissions of CO2 from chemical
processes or stage processes in combination with fuel
combustion emissions from energy uses of feedstock
(e.g. CO2 emissions from CaCO3 decomposition and
metallurgical coke oxidation in Solvay process).
51
2.51
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as EFs

Where technology-specific or plant-level data are
not available, EF(D) are based on stoichiometric
ratios of process reactions..
52
2.52
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Lack of Emission Factors (2)

lack of development of plant-level EFs,
which leads to the estimation of EFs based
on top -down ratios calculated as EF=
Emissions / Aggregate AD).
53
2.53
Re96GL source-category specific Problems
GPG 2000 Tier1 good practice Options
Sample Source Category Estimations
2.A.1Cement Production
 2.A.2 Lime Production
 2.A.1 Limestone and Dolomite Use
 2.C.1 Iron and Steel
Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

54
2.54
Other specific problems
encountered in the use of
Re96GL
SUGGESTED APPROACHES/OPTIONS
55
2.55
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory Use of Notation Keys in Reporting Tables 1& 2

Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation
keys (“NO”, “NE”, “NA”, “IE”, “NE”) in
UNFCCC reporting Table 1 and Table 2.
56
2.56
Completeness and Transparency in
Reporting -Use of Notation Keys
NO (not occurring) for activities or processes that
do not occur for a particular gas or source/sink
category within a country,
NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and
removals which have not been estimated,
NA (not applicable) for activities in a given
source/sink category which do not result in
emissions or removals of a specific gas,
.
57
2.57
Completeness and Transparency in
Reporting -Use of Notation Keys
IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and
removals estimated but included elsewhere in
the inventory (Parties should indicate where the
emissions or removals have been included),
C (confidential) for emissions and removals which
could lead to the disclosure of confidential
information.
58
2.58
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Activity Data (AD) Collection and Reporting


Production data on large point sources
may be available in various national
institutions in data sets that are not
easily converted to GGI data
Where available, mandatory or
voluntary plant-level data are reported
as total emissions without relevant AD
and EF
59
2.59
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Lack of Emission Factors (1)


Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual
environmental reports) provide only
emissions estimates without AD and/or
EF.
Lack of IPCC D-EFs due to differences
in IPCC source and sub-source
categories and disaggregation of
country-relevant sources,
60
2.60
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangements


National institutions and industry association
collect and present data in formats not
appropriate for GHG estimation because they
are normally aggregated in data sets relevant
for the purposes for which they are collected.
Limited awareness among industry/industry
associations of opportunities under the
Convention and therefore not motivated to
develop capacity for reporting GHG
inventories.
61
2.61
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangement


Lack of institutional arrangement and
clarity over roles and responsibilities of
experts carrying out the technical
studies.
Lack of legal and institutional authority
to demand data from industry to carry
out the inventories- (reporting is
basically voluntary)
62
2.62
Potential problems in preparing
IP Sector Inventory
Institutional Arrangement



Non-involvement of universities and/or
research centres on CC issues that can evolve
a more sustainable inventory system.
Lack of mainstreaming CC data collection by
national statistical services and industry
associations in data collection.
Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by
data collection institutions
63
2.63
Intuitional Arrangement Problems
Recommended capacity building


Institute a national working group of relevant
stakeholders for plant level verification and peer
review of the inventory report
Organise a capacity building seminar for all
institutions and relevant GHG contributing
industries to disseminate the IP inventory data
sets, the need of QA/QC and plant specific good
practice for development and reporting AD and
EFs in GGI data sets
64
2.64
Intuitional Arrangement Problems
Recommended capacity building

Adapt Re96GL and GPG2000 and develop
country specific workbooks documenting
methods, Ads, EFs to increase transparency
and preserve institutional memory

Disseminate the opportunities of emissions
reduction under the Convention and the
Financing Mechanisms under the Protocol in
the capacity building workshop to motivate
industry participation
65
2.65
Review and Assessment of Activity
data and Emission Factors
Data status and Options
66
2.66
GPG 2000 Approach and Steps
Inventory Quality Improvement
and Uncertainty Reduction
QA/QC APPROACH
67
2.67