Cataloguing Codes and Conceptual Models:

RDA and the Influence of FRBR and other IFLA Initiatives by Dr. Barbara B. Tillett Chief, Cataloging Policy & Support Office Library of Congress for “Back to the Basics” February 1, 2007

Overview

 Conceptual models  FRBR  Cataloging principles  IME ICC Statement Work Expression Manifestation Item  Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)  New cataloging code

IFLA Initiatives  ISBD  International Standard Bibliographic Description  FRBR  Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records  VIAF  Virtual International Authority File  IME ICC  IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code  replacing ‘Paris Principles’ of 1961

Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)    Entity-relationship model • • • Entities: Group 1, 2, 3 Relationships Attributes National level bibliographic record elements (mandatory & optional data) User tasks • find, identify, select, obtain  Collocation at the work/expression level

Vocabulary

 “Book” –Door prop (item) –“publication” at bookstore any copy (manifestation)

Vocabulary

 “Book” –Who translated?

(expression) –Who wrote?

(work)

Work Expression is realized through Intellectual/ artistic content Physical recording of content Manifestation is embodied in Item is exemplified by

FRBR

Group 1 - Relationships Inherent to the Entities

 Work

“is realized by” an expression

 Expression

“is embodied in” a manifestation

 Manifestation

“is exemplified by” an item

 Item

Work Expression Manifestation Item

Relationships

 Inherent among the entities  Content relationships among works Whole-Part Accompanying

Family of Works Same Expression New Expression New Work

B. Tillett Dec. 2001

FRBR 

Group 1 Entities’ Attributes



Manifestation



ID Work



Title



ID



Statement of responsibility



Title



Edition



Date



etc.



Imprint (place, publisher, date)



Expression

     

ID Title Form Date Language etc.

    

Form/extent of carrier Terms of availability Mode of access etc.

Item



ID

  

Provenance Location etc.

Work Expression Manifestation Item is owned by is produced by is realized by is created by

Group 2

FRBR Person Corporate Body many

DRAFT

FRAD extension to

FRBR Entities: Person Family Corporate Body Work Expression Manifestation Item Concept Object Event Place

FRBR

Name Identifier

December 2006

Access Point Rules Agency

Work has as subject has as subject has as subject Work Expression Manifestation Item

Group 3

FRBR Person Corporate Body Concept Object Event Place many

FRBR and MARC

 MARC bibliographic, authority, and holdings records  FRBR and MARC crosswalk and analysis: http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional analysis/frbr.html

FRBR-ize MARC records

OCLC’s algorithm http://www.oclc.org/research/software/frbr/ LC’s display tool http://www.loc.gov/marc http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html

Possible FRBR applications

Scenario A - Now

Authority Work/ Expression Uniform Title Person Series (work/expression) Uniform Title Concept Bibliographic Manifestation Holding Item

Scenario B

Authority Work/ Expression Uniform Title Person/ Corporate body Person/ Corporate body Series (work/expression) Uniform Title Concept Bibliographic Manifestation Holding Item

•

FRBR Benefits

Collocation Better organization to catalog • • Easier cataloging Reduction in cataloging load Work only cataloged once for all expressions of it Expression only cataloged once for all manifestations of it Item cataloging (already simple) remains the same

FRBR Benefits

Circulation: Place holds at “Work” or “Expression” level rather than only at manifestation level (VTLS and OCLC demonstrate this)

Applications of conceptual model

 FRBR is conceptual model  No application is prescribed  Opportunities for the future in new systems designs  Greater connection with a&i, digital aggregators  Keep user foremost in mind

Cataloguing Principles

 1961 – IFLA’s “Paris Principles”

IME ICC



Goals & Objectives

Goal • Increase the ability to share cataloguing worldwide by • Promoting standards  Objectives • Develop “Statement of International Cataloguing Principles” • • See if rules/practices can get closer together Make recommendations for an International Cataloguing Code

IME ICC Regional Meetings

 IME ICC1 – Europe/Anglo-American http://www.ddb.de/standardisierung/afs/imeicc_index.htm

 IME ICC2 – Latin America-Caribbean http://www.loc.gov/imeicc2  IME ICC3 – Middle East http://www.loc.gov/loc/ifla/imeicc/  IME ICC4 – Asia http://www.nl.go.kr/icc/icc/main.php

Next/Final Meeting – IME ICC5

 2007 August 15-16 subSaharan Africa  Hosted by the National Library of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (2003-2007) 1. Scope 2. Entities, Attributes, Relationships 3. Functions of the Catalogue 4. Bibliographic Description 5. Access Points 6. Authority Records 7. Foundations for Search Capabilities

Objectives for Construction of Cataloguing Codes

 Convenience of user  Common usage  Representation  Accuracy  Sufficiency and necessity  Significance  Economy  Standardization  Integration  Defensible, not arbitrary  If contradict, take a defensible, practical solution.

Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

Semantic Web Building Blocks

A&I controlled vocabularies Other controlled vocabularies ( Library ) authority files “ Ontologies ” End-user

What is the VIAF?

 System    Links between files Web browser access Multi-lingual and multi-scripts  Allow national or regional variations in authorized form to co-exist  Support needs for variations in preferred language, script, and spelling  Maintenance   National agencies control their records Records harvested from national systems  Scalable  Any number of national authority files

Project Stages

 Stage 1: Retrospective Link  Phase 1: Build enhanced authority files for both PND and LC person names  Phase 2: Match PND and LC enhanced authority records to create the initial version of the VIAF  Stage 2: Ongoing Maintenance  Phase 3: Build OAI Server  Phase 4: Ongoing maintenance and metadata harvesting using OAI protocols  Stage 3: Searchable system  Stage 4: End user interface with Unicode displays

IFLA

 FRBR  Cataloging principles  IME ICC Statement Work Expression Manifestation Item  Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

International Cataloguing Code

AACR: Supporting Organizational Structure

Committee of Principals AACR Fund Trustees/ Publishers ALA CC:DA ACOC Joint Steering Committee BL CCC CILIP LC

JSC, Editor, Project Manager

1997 International Conference on the Principles and Future Development of AACR  Toronto, Canada  JSC invited worldwide experts  Issues leading to RDA  Principles  Content vs. carrier  Logical structure of AACR  Seriality  Internationalization

Why a new standard?

 Simplify rules  Encourage use as a content standard for metadata schema  Encourage international applicability  Provide more consistency  Address current problems  Principle-based  Build on cataloger’s judgment  Encourage application of FRBR/FRAD

Why not just keep revising AACR2?

 AACR2  1978  1988  1998  2002

A new cataloging environment

 Wide range of information carriers: wider depth and complexity of content  Metadata created by a wider range of personnel  Many new metadata formats

RDA will be…

 A new standard for resource description and access  Designed for the digital environment  Developed as a web-based product  Description and access of all digital resources (and analog)  Resulting records usable in the digital environment (Internet, Web OPACs, etc.)

RDA will be…

 Multinational

content standard

for a variety of media and formats collected by libraries today  Developed for use in English language environment; also be used in other language communities  Independent of the communication format (e.g., MARC 21)

RDA will…

 Support FRBR user tasks  Find, identify, select, obtain  Enable users of library catalogues, etc. to find and use resources appropriate to their information needs

Targets of Strategic Plan

1.

2.

3.

New edition – early 2009 Reach out to other communities Web-based product/tool, plus a print paper product

RDA Structure (Proposed)

   General introduction Part A – Description and access Part B – Authority control (Access point control)  Appendices  Capitalization, Numerals, Initial articles, Abbreviations  Presentation (ISBD display, OPAC display, etc.)  Glossary  Index

Part A Chapters 0-5

0. Introduction 1. General guidelines for resource description 2. Identification of the resource 3. Carrier 4. Content FRBR “Select” FRBR “Select” 5. Acquisition and access information FRBR “Obtain”

Part A, Chapters 6-7 “Relationships”

FRBR user task “Find”  Chapter 6: Relationships between FRBR Group 1 and Group 2 entities: Persons Corporate bodies Families  Chapter 7: Relationships between FRBR Group 1 entities: Works Expressions Manifestations Items

Part B Access Point Control

 Choice of access points  General guidelines for access point control  Access points (preferred forms and variants) for:  Persons, Families, Corporate bodies, Places  Works, Expressions, etc.

 Other information used in access point control (entity identifiers, sources, etc.)

New Terminology

AACR2 terms Heading Authority control Authorized heading Main Entry Added Entry Uniform title RDA terms Access point Access point control Preferred access point Primary Access point Secondary Access point Preferred title

RDA Draft Reviews

 Mar. June 2007: Chapter 3 “Carrier”  July –Sept. 2007: Chapters 6 and 7 “Relationships”  Dec. 2007 Mar. 2008: Part B “Access Point Control”  July-Sept. 2008: Complete draft of RDA  Early 2009: First release of RDA

Content vs. display

 RDA will be a content standard display standard not a  RDA records can still be displayed in an ISBD display if desired

Transcription

 “Take what you see”  Correction of inaccuracies  Facilitating automated data capture

Other issues

 Terms for Content and Carrier  RDA/ONIX framework for resource categorization   JSC GMD/SMD Working Group Mandatory (“Required”) Elements  Mapping Data Elements  RDA/MARC 21  Dublin Core

Ongoing work

 Mode of Issuance  Internationalization  Persistent Identifiers and URLs  Appendices  Access Points for Families  Examples  Glossary

Preparing for RDA…

Coding RDA records in MARC 21 – and DC?  Most RDA data elements can be incorporated into MARC 21  A few changes:  New data elements to replace GMDs  Possibly some other modifications necessary to MARC 21  RDA and DC: mappings, further discussions

Making decisions about RDA

 RDA will offer many alternatives, options  Only a few required data elements  Who decides how to apply RDA?

 National libraries  Other governing bodies: OCLC, PCC

Training for RDA

 Catalogers

will

need some training in RDA  Groups that provide training are beginning to make plans  Online product will assist with learning

RDA Online Prototype

 View/listen to a 3-minute demo. of RDA Online  Complete a brief survey – we want your feedback!

www.rdaonline.org

Commenting on RDA drafts  RDA drafts available at:

www.collectionscanada.ca/jsc/rda.html

 Informal discussion: subscribe to RDA-L (link on page above)  Formal comments: within Europe, contact the JSC Chair, Deirdre Kiorgaard at:

[email protected]

Summary

      User-oriented models (FRBR) Internationalization  Global sharing  Cost reduction Across information communities/memory institutions Principle-based rules (IME ICC)  Cataloger’s judgment Take descriptive metadata Add controlled vocabularies for precision of searching (VIAF)

Takk fyrir!

Thank you!